Vol 4 Issue 2 April 2016-June 2016

Abstract: The Automated Irrigation and Fertigation System is the scheme designed for the automation in the agriculture. The traditional irrigation system as well as the fertilizer application system is modified to achieve modern approach of automation. Automation provides the less human interference, reduced cost as well as the remote access. This system uses mainly the ARM7 (LPC2148), Raspberry-pi and zigbee modules. The humidity, soil moisture and temperature sensors are used in this system. The sensor part is controlled by the ARM7. There is function of the controlling the fertigation pump via E-mail, this part is organized by the Raspberry-pi. The zigbee modules which are known for the short range communication are used for the communication between the raspberry and the controller. There are mainly two sections one is the field section which consists ARM7, zigbee and sensors whereas the second section is the control section which includes the raspberry pi and the zigbee. This scheme we are going to design is helpful not only for the small/ big farms but also for the greenhouses and the home gardening systems. Keywords: Raspberry-pi, Zigbee, ARM7, Fertigation, Automatic drip irrigation. Title: AUTOMATED IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION SYSTEM Author: Gourav Bankar International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The two dimensional discrete cosine transform become paradigm in signal processing. This transforms process the signal in frequency domain. The authentic and significant feature of discrete cosine transform provides higher PSNR. The performance of proposed technique over existing technique is superior due to discrete cosine transform. Peak signal to noise ratio is considered quality check parameters in image compression. Keywords: Image compression, fractional transform, discrete cosine transform. Title: ROBUST IMAGE COMPRESSION USING TWO DIMENSIONAL DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM Author: Vivek Arya, Dr. Jugmendra Singh International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper presents image segmentation based on the combination of phase-correlation and region growing algorithm. In image processing image analysis is an integral part. In image processing different processes are done on images to enhance it at different parameters. These processes are not directly applied on images but before that it needs to be divided in smaller parts of interest, so that processing can be done only on the desired part. So segmentation becomes an integral and basic part in image analysis and error at this stage can influence other processing techniques. As in this paper an algorithm is developed for two different dimensions for two class images. Phase correlation is applied to determine spectral similarity. Similar and dissimilar pixels are decided according to the peak value of the phase correlation result to determine pixels that fall into the same segments. Region growing algorithm is used to expand the region from the seed point in which similar or dissimilar pixel blocks are decided by phase correlation algorithm. Experimental results show the effectiveness and efficiency of this method. Keywords: Phase correlation, region growing, image segmentation, seed points. Title: SUPERVISED BASED APPROACH FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION Author: PANKAJ SANGAMNERE International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Transmission of Energy efficient mechanism is a significant issue in Wireless Sensor Network to prolong its lifetime. This paper examines a coded Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) system which uses Reed-solomon (RS) codes in AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami channels. It is essential to provide a proper error control scheme to reduce the bit error rate (BER). Indeed, the challenging choice of suitable modulation scheme with the proper Error Correcting code (ECC) played a vital role to obtain better energy conservation. In this work, we aim to evaluate the performance analysis of GMSK modulation with different coding scheme and analysis of Bit Error Rate (BER) and energy consumption. The BER against the SNR is analyzed in this paper. This paper derives an expression for the distance measurement of the energy consumption per bit of decoder equals the energy savings per bit due to coding gain of transmitter compared to uncoded modulation scheme. The survey also analyses the role of modulation and coding technique apply to different channel conditions to improve the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. Keywords: Energy Efficient, wireless network, GMSK, RS, AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami, BER. Title: Energy Efficient Transmission in Wireless Sensor Network Based On GMSK and Reed-Solomon Code Author: Minal M. Madankar, Dr. P.S. Ashtankar International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Now a day millions of peoples using vehicles. That’s why safety of human life is very important. Nowadays more than 70% accidents are happen due to tire blasting on running condition of vehicle. To avoid this we have to develop tire pressure and temperature monitoring system, which continuously update latest tire pressure and temperature and alert driver time to time to avoid accidents. Also the accuracy of pressure and temperature in the tire is very important to avoid road accidents. In this paper discusses designing of tire pressure and temperature monitoring system for vehicles. To design this system we have using 8 bit ATmega16 microcontroller which having inbuilt ADC and having lots of functionality to configure with other hardware. Also to measure pressure and temperature we use pressure sensor and temperature sensor. Keywords: ATmega16 microcontroller, pressure sensor, temperature sensor, LCD display, Bluetooth module. Title: Tire Temperature and Pressure Monitoring System Based On ATmega16 Microcontroller Author: Dr.A.J.Patil, Miss P.R.Patil, Mr. C.S.Patil International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Image compression and decompression is now days widely used in different real time applications. It is the technique that uses lossy or lossless coding to reduce the storage space required for image information by removing spatial redundancy. Image Compression is useful for storage and transformation of images as it helps reduce the hard disk space and transmission bandwidth. The major problem with the colorization-based coding is the extraction of the representative pixel set such that compression rate as well as the quality of the reconstructed color image remains good. We are solving this problem by formulating the colorization based coding problem into an optimization problem, so that the selected RP set is smallest. In addition to this proposed method we are constructing the colorization matrix that colorizes the image in a multiscale manner. This, combined with the proposed RP extraction method, allows us to select a very small set of RP. This approach can improves the performance of proposed colorization method; however this method may takes more execution time and cost. Therefore to reduce execution efforts and cost, we are applying to use this method with parallel programming. Parallel programming is used to speed up the coding execution for image processing in MATLAB. Experimentally it is observed that with the above proposed method, we can drastically suppress the amount of information compared to conventional image compression methods, while maintaining the quality of the objective image. Keywords: Image Compression, Colorization, reconstruction of color image. Title: Color Image Compression Using Colorization Based On Coding Technique Author: D.P.Kawade, Prof. S.N.Rawat International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The process of switching the electrical load, that is been powered by two alternative sources (utility and generator), from one source to the other forms part of a change-over process. This process which further includes the monitoring of the supply from utility and the starting/ stopping of the generator to certain extent could be rigorous. To ease such difficulty, the design of an automatic change-over switch has been realized and tested as presented in this paper. Success was recorded as the above processes were automated. This was achieved with the combination of discrete electrical and electronics components which includes PIC16F877A, relays, transistors, diodes, resistors and a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying the system status. Keywords: electrical load, utility, generator, electrical and electronics components. Title: Design of a Microcontroller Base Three-Phase Automatic Change-Over Switch Author: Anaza S.O., Abdulazeez M.S., Sayeed M.S, Abdullahi K.U International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper presents a system stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure power system planning and operation. Power system studies are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant periodically. In this system stability study transient stability has a greater importance. In a radial distribution network during severe fault the transient stability of the network is much important which determines the stability of the system. During severe fault the rotor angle deviation of the generator connected to the distribution network is analyzed and is enhanced by adding fault current limiter. Fault Current Limiter (FCL) is a device which limits the prospective fault current when a fault occurs. The reliability of the system is analyzed by simulating the distribution network with a fault, and the transient stability is enhanced using FCL and SVC in ETAP for IEEE 59 bus test System. Keywords: Fault Current Limiter (FCL), Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Radial Distribution System (RDS), Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), Distribution Generator (DG), Transient Stability. Title: Transient Stability Enhancement in a Distribution Network Using FCL and SVC Author: P. Sheeba grace, H.Brindha International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Visual cryptography is a cryptographic secret sharing scheme which allows secret visual data to be encrypted in such a way that only after decryption process we can get original secret information without the aid of computers. There are various measures on which performance of visual cryptography scheme depends, such as pixel expansion, contrast, security, accuracy, computational complexity, share generated is meaningful or meaningless, type of secret images and number of secret images encrypted by the scheme. This paper is on study and performance analysis of the visual cryptography schemes on the basis of pixel expansion, image format and type of shares generated. This paper describes the novel idea of hierarchical visual cryptography on basis of VC. The key concept behind hierarchical visual cryptography is to encrypt the secret information in number of levels. As the number of levels in hierarchical visual cryptography increases, the secrecy of data tends to increase. The keyshare generated out of Hierarchical visual cryptography is found to be random giving no information and the original secret size is retained in the shares at all levels. Keywords: VC, Hierarchical VC, secrecy, shares, Expansionless. Title: Hierarchical Visual Cryptography Applications: A Review Author: Ms. Pratima Mahamuni, Dr. A.S. Hiwale International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper presents closed loop voltage controlled solar powered boost converter. The major issue in the solar powered boost converter is to deliver a constant voltage to the load irrespective of the changing climatic conditions namely irradiance and temperature. The need of the hour is to deliver a constant voltage to the grid irrespective of the variation in solar insolation. The boost converter with the input voltage of 24 V and output voltage of 48 V is designed. A simple PI controller is used to maintain the output voltage of boost converter constant. The performance of the proposed system is compared with solar powered boost converter without voltage controller. All the investigations are carried using MATLAB. The results obtained are presented. Keywords: Boost converter, PV arrays, Voltage Control, PI controller, Solar insolation. Title: Design and Control of Solar Powered Boost Converter Author: A.Venkadesan, K.Sedhu raman International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Compressive sensing based image reconstruction that improves the algorithm to applying hybrid approach which is DWT and DCT. First, by using wavelet transform, wavelet low frequency of the sub bands in which the image is decomposed in to low frequency and high frequency wavelet coefficients, second is to applied DCT on low frequency coordinates and construct the hybrid transformation. Use the measurement matrix measure the high frequency coefficient components and combine with DCT low frequency components image and sparse signal output is applied on compressive sensing. In compressive sensing, random measurement matrices are generally used and ℓ1minimisation algorithms often use linear programming to cover sparse signal vectors. But explicitly constructible measurement matrices providing performance guarantees were and ℓ1minimisation algorithms are often demanding in computational complexity for applications involving very large problem dimensions. To improve the PSNR (pick signal to noise ratio) of reconstructions image uses different matrices such as Gaussian random matrix, hadmard matrix. Keywords: DWT and DCT, hybrid approach, PSNR (pick signal to noise ratio). Title: Implementation of Hybrid Approach Based Compressive Sensing Algorithm for Image Reconstruction Author: DARJI KHUSHBU, DR. JAYMIN BHALANI International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Biosensor is one which is used to detect Diseases in human body. They are voltametric, amperometric and immunosensors. Amperometric biosensors are those which give current as output. The degree of oxygen content is measured in terms of current in milliamperes. Many dangerous diseases are detected through Biosensors mainly with amperometric biosensors. Biosensors are those which contain a biological element and a transducer. A transducer is one which converts one form of energy to electrical energy. In a biosensor the biological signal is converted into electrical signal. The biological element is Glucose Oxidase (GODx) popularly known as GODx Enzyme. It reacts with the living cell or a diseased cell and gives output in terms of current in milliamperes. Keywords: Biosensor, oxygen, Enzyme. Title: Some Case Studies on Biosensors Author: K.Kalyan Babu International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The electronic paint brush in this project is designed to sketch regular shapes like a circle, square and a rectangle. The central idea incriminated in this project is to detect objects with regular shapes in an image using image processing in MATLAB®, thereby transfer the information of object to PIC16F using UART. This will control the robot to sketch the detected object in MATLAB® using image processing. The robot is programmed to move in particular directions with respect to the instruction received at serial communication port of microcontroller. Keywords: Image processing, UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter, PIC (Peripheral Interface Control), MATLAB® Software. Title: The Electronic Paintbrush Author: Rohini Jayachandre G., Swarna Raghavi S., Prof. Vidhyapathi CM. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

is generally recognized that there is a need for new methods of affordable, non-polluting, personal transportation. A literature review shows that cars are very efficient, well understood machines, but that electric versions have had little commercial success over the past century. By applying modern power semiconductor technology, a standard separately-excited DC motor is now to efficiently propel a car. The practicality of such a vehicle was demonstrated by entering an early version. Compared to the other electric vehicles in the event, this electric car consumed a similar amount of power per mile per unit weight, but used the least power per mile, due to its small size. A final prototype demonstrates the full implementation of both mechanical and electrical components. To better analyze the motor, a non-linear model is used. It is shown that maximum efficiency is achieved by maintaining a fixed ratio between the armature and field currents. Keywords: Microcontroller, well understood machines, applying modern power semiconductor technology. Title: Solar Electric Battery Car Using Microcontroller Author: M. Sreenivasa Reddy International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) has been successfully applied to face recognition which is based on a linear projection from the image space to a low dimensional space by maximizing the between class scatter and minimizing the within-class scatter. LDA allows objective evaluation of the significance of visual information in different features of the face for identifying the human face. The LDA also provides us with a small set of features that carry the most relevant information for classification purposes. LDA method overcomes the limitation of Principle Component Analysis method by applying the linear discriminant criterion. This criterion tries to maximize the ratio of determinant of the between-class scatter matrix of the projected samples to the determinant of the within-class scatter matrix of the projected samples. Linear discriminant groups the images of the same class and separate images of different classes. Here to identify an input test image, the projected test image is compared to each projected training, and the test image is identified as the closest training image. The experiments in this paper we present to use LDA for face recognition. The experiments in this paper are performed with the ORL face database. The experimental results show that the correct recognition rate of this method is higher than that of previous techniques. Keywords: Lda, Face Recognition, Projection Vector, Eigen Value, Eigen Vector. Title: FACE RECOGNITION USING LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Author: Manju Bala, Priti Singh, Mahendra Singh Meena International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals