Vol 8 Issue 1 April 2020-September 2020

Abstract: Background: Suicidal ideation is a significant public health issue, since; it leads to preventable death eventually. Moreover, it is a complex problem, therefore it has to be investigate in multi-level. Objective: Present study was directed to identify the psychosocial determinants of suicidal ideation among adults in Batticaloa District of Sri Lanka (BDSL). Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out with the participation of 237 (majority-age category 50-<60 years) adult patients (55.5% female) admitted to medical wards of Base Hospital, Kaluwanchikudy (BHK) during the period of 1st January to 31st May, 2019. Two stage cluster sampling method was applied. Possible psychosocial factors for suicidal ideation were included in the quesstionnare. Statistical software (SPSS 25.0) was used to analyze the data and p-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Descriptive statistical analysis and Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Review Committee, Faculty of Health - Care Sciences, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. Results: Sampling adequacy for EFA was full filed (KMO=0.785). Independent variables were correlated among them (Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (chi-square=5196.99, p=0.00). In EFA, 28 independent variables were grouped in to SIX factors that are associated with suicidal ideation. These six factors were altogether contributed to the 66.9% of the total variance partitioned into 24.0% by factor-01(F1), 15.9% by factor-02(F2), 7.9% by factor-03(F3), 7.0% by factor-04(F4), 6.1% by factor-05(F5) and 5.7% by factor-06(F6). The SIX factors extracted were named as; F1-personal life and mental health status, F2-health status and married life, F3-sexual life of married people, F4-occupational status, F5-attempted suicide and F6-ethnicity. Conclusions: Twenty eight independent variables were identified as associated psychosocial factors with suicidal ideation among adult community grouped in to SIX factors as; personal life and mental health status, health status and married life, sexual life of married people, occupational status, attempted suicide and ethnicity.

Keywords: Adults, Batticaloa, Explorative Factor Analysis, Psychosocial determinants, Suicidal ideation.

Title: Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA) Extraction of Psychosocial Determinants Associated with Suicidal Ideation among Adults in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka

Author: Kartheepan, K, Arulanandem, K

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Introduction Acute diarrhoea diseases remain a leading cause of preventable death, especially among under- five children in developing countries. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of diarrhoea disease control among primary health care workers in selected facilities in Bende LGA, Abia State. Methods A facility –based cross sectional study carried out from Jan, 6 – 20, 2020. Data were collected using pre-tested, interviewer administered, semi-structured questionnaire in three sections and analyzed with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Frequency tables and chi- square test were done with level of significance at p ≤ 0.05.  Results A total of 150 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of respondents was 40.22±8.64, with females, 140(93.3%), married 118(78.7%), and had children 114(76.0%). Knowledge of diarrhoea disease was good with overall score >80%. Religion and having at least a child showed statistically significant associations with the knowledge of acute diarrhea( X² =15.0; P-value=0.002, and X² =26.0; P-value =0.001 respectively).There was  also  good promotion of practice of diarrhoea control with score >80%. Marital status (χ ² = 16.8, P-value < 0.001), having at least a child (χ ² = 12.07, P-value < 0.001) ,religion (χ ² = 16.91, P-value < 0.025) and knowledge about acute diarrhoea (χ ² = 28.025, P-value < 0.001) showed  statistically significant associations with the promotion of practice of acute diarrhoeal  control. Conclusion The respondents showed good knowledge of diarhoea disease and promotion of practice of its control. The major source of information for their knowledge was from workshop trainings. This exemplifies the need for sustained human resource capacity building at the primary health care level.

Keywords:  Health care workers; knowledge; practice; control; diarrhoea disease.

Title: Knowledge and practice of acute diarrhoeal control in under-five children among primary health care workers in Bende LGA, Abia State, Nigeria

Author: Madu James Awa, Prince EzenwaNdubueze Onyemachi, Mazi Ejikem, Juliet Uju Enukeme

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease. This means that your immune system attacks parts of your own body by mistake. In Sjogren's syndrome, it attacks the glands that make tears and saliva. This causes a dry mouth and dry eyes. Sjögren syndrome. Dry eyes may lead to itching, burning, a feeling of sand in the eyes, blurry vision, or intolerance of bright or fluorescent lighting. A dry mouth can feel chalky or full of cotton, and affected individuals may have difficulty speaking, tasting food, or swallowing. Because saliva helps protect the teeth and the tissues of the oral cavity, people with Sjögren syndrome are at increased risk of tooth decay and infections in the mouth.

In most people with Sjögren syndrome, dry eyes and dry mouth are the primary features of the disorder, and general health and life expectancy are largely unaffected. However, in some cases the immune system also attacks and damages other organs and tissues. This complication is known as extra glandular involvement. Affected individuals may develop inflammation in connective tissues, which provide strength and flexibility to structures throughout the body. Disorders involving connective tissue inflammation are sometimes called rheumatic conditions. In Sjögren syndrome, extraglandular involvement may result in painful inflammation of the joints and muscles; dry, itchy skin and skin rashes; chronic cough; a hoarse voice; kidney and liver problems; numbness or tingling in the hands and feet; and, in women, vaginal dryness. Prolonged and extreme tiredness (fatigue) severe enough to affect activities of daily living may also occur in this disorder.

Keywords: Sjogren's syndrome, parotid, Metronidazole, extraglandular.

Title: Case report on Sjögren's Syndrome

Author: Zahra Fadaeian, Sheetal KURIAKOSE

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the impact and sustainability of the National Catholic Health Service (NCHS) Quality Improvement (QI) program on the reduction of under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) in Ghana.  U5MR is the survival rate of children under the age of five, and it is an important indicator in the determination of a nation’s health status. It is also the Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) to be achieved by 2030. QI in healthcare is a systematic and continuous approach to eliminate errors in the processes of providing health service, in other to improve health outcomes such as U5MR. QI process involves learning from experiences. It is a journey that never ends.        

Design/Methodology/approach – The study takes the form of a descriptive case-study design, employing a quantitative approach. The study sample consists of nine Catholic hospitals used by the NCHS to test a QI methodology on U5MR reduction. The nine hospitals were their worst-performing hospitals in U5MR. Secondary data on U5MR spanning a period from 2008 to 2015 were collected from the hospitals and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel.                                                                                                        

Findings – Overall, the implementation of the quality improvement program between 2008 and 2010 was determined to be a great success. Seven out of the nine pilot hospitals made remarkable reductions in U5MR between 92% and 65%. Sustaining these improvements was a challenge for the majority of the hospitals. Six out of the nine hospitals saw sharp increases in U5MR during the post-implementation stage (2011-2015). For example, a hospital with U5MR of 1.89 per 1000 live births in 2010 shot up to 21.19 per 1000 live births in 2011. Only three out of the nine hospitals sustained improvements beyond 2010. Lack of continuous supervision and a sustainability phase of the QI model contributed to the poor performance beyond 2010.       

Practical Implication – For healthcare practitioners, this study points to factors to consider when implementing QI models in healthcare – for example, the need to include a sustainability phase in the implementation. This will ensure that improvements made during the implementation are sustained and further enhanced. This way, the SDG 3: zero preventable under-5 mortality by 2030 could be achieved.

Originality/Value – QI methodologies are new to the healthcare system in Ghana. Also, studies on the application of QI on healthcare delivery in Ghana is very limited. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of QI efforts in healthcare delivery in Ghana. The study reveals the importance of a QI method in healthcare and how it should be implemented. In this study, the performance of the nine hospitals during the implementation and post-implementation stages were analysed. Thus, not only was the impact of the program measured but also its sustainability.        

Keywords: Quality Improvement, management commitment, under-5 mortality rate, sustainability, Project Fives Alive!.

Title: The Impact of Quality Improvement on Healthcare Delivery in Ghana: A Secondary Data Analysis of Under-5 Mortality Rate Reduction

Author: Kumah Isaac Rock, Boison David King, Asiedu Esther

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is serious public health problem which infected approximately 2 billion people worldwide. The Asia and the South-Western Pacific region including Somaliland are classified as Intermediate-endemic for HBV infection with mother to child HBV transmission remains an important mode of transmission. Awareness and advocacy has been prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to lack of knowledge about the disease. The current knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among key affected populations such as pregnant women in Hargeisa, Somaliland is unknown. This study investigates the level of KAP of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) at Edna Aden hospital as evidence for effective HBV awareness raising and advocacy program

Objectives: The General objective of this study is to assess Knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women towards Hepatitis B Virus Infection attending antenatal clinic at Edna Adan maternity hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland.

Methodology: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 414 pregnant women at Edna Aden hospital. The data was collected using structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study population

Result: The knowledge mean score among pregnant respondents was 10.71 ± 4.75 SD which is below the cut –off –point of 12. Attitudes was measured using 7 questions and the mean score was 3.94 ±1.28 SD which is below the average cut- off point of 4.. Similarly, the mean score of practice was poor 4.59 ± 1.3 SD. The practice scale was consisting of 8 questions with a cut-off point of 5.

Conclusion: The present study revealed poor level of KAP among women attending ANC at Edna Aden maternity hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland. Approximately 61.6% of pregnant women attending Edna Aden ANCs in the current study had low level of KAP towards HBV with lack of understanding of the basics of infection control and the prevention of transmission of HBV.

Keyword: KAP, hepatitis B infection, pregnant mothers.

Title: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TO WARDS HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT   WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT EDNA ADEN HOSPITAL, HARGEISA, SOMALILAND

Author: HUSSEIN ABDI ALI

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: To lead a methodical writing survey and evaluate the viability of network drug specialists' intercessions in lessening significant hazard factors for cardiovascular infections. Strategies: A far reaching writing search from 2000 onwards was performed utilizing MEDLINE (1946 to June 4, 2013), EMBASE (1947 to introduce), CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. The dark writing was additionally looked. Studies were delegated diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and tobacco reliance. Information disconnected from the articles included examination plan/members, study span, key segments of intercession, essential result, and key discoveries. Study quality was surveyed utilizing an agenda fitting to the examination structure. Results: An aggregate of 1020 references were at first distinguished, with 27 gathering consideration rules. Eight investigations were randomized controlled preliminaries, five were bunch randomized preliminaries, two were randomized before-after plan contemplates, five were nonrandomized controlled before-after structure studies, and seven were uncontrolled before-after plan examines. Intercessions concentrated on diabetes (n=8), hypertension (n=9), dyslipidemia (n=7), and tobacco reliance (n=3). Impact sizes went from 7.8 to 17.7 mm Hg and from 0.2% to 2.2% decreases in systolic circulatory strain and hemoglobin A1c, separately, while decreases in complete cholesterol extended from 18.2 to 27.1 mg/dl. Study quality was commonly poor. Decisions: Accessible proof proposes a potential for significant advantage in diabetes and hypertension however clinical advantages in lipid the board stay hazy. The genuine impact of mediations is unsure because of helpless investigation quality, conflicting outcomes, and potential for distribution inclination. Further all around planned investigations are expected to decide the genuine effect of network drug specialists' mediations in diminishing significant hazard factors for cardiovascular sickness. Catchphrases: Cardiovascular illness, diabetes, hypertension, network drug store, dislipidaemia, tobacco reliance.

Keywords: cardiovascular infections, diabetes, hypertension, network drug store, dislipidaemia, tobacco reliance.

Title: An Up-to-date review of minimizing the risk factors of Cardiopulmonary Diseases under the control of Pharmacist Intervention: A systematic review

Author: Danyah Abdullah Alshahrani, Nebras Mohammed Fayoumi, Eman Def Allah Almanjomi, Raghad Mohammad Abu Suliman

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) is currently undergoing a Phase 2 Clinical Trial for the treatment of sarcopenia. 20-HE is also currently being investigated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as an anabolic agent. There are promising in vitro and in vivo results for 20-HE’s anabolic effect on muscles. However, 20-HE is molecularly a steroid, thus having relatively poor water solubility and poor human oral bioavailability. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are being used in pharmaceutics to improve the water solubility and oral bioavailability of lipophilic compounds. This paper explores 20-HE’s pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, with a particular interest on how the 20-HE-CD complex can improve the oral bioavailability of 20-HE. Consequently, making 20-HE-CD a novel anabolic phytosteroid (APS).

Keywords: 20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysteroid, cyclodextrin, phytosteroid.

Title: 20-Hydroxyecdysone’s Cyclodextrin Complex: A Novel Anabolic Phytosteroid (APS)?

Author: Victor Chiruta

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: In this era of technologies, we can manage to get any kind of information by just clicking at the internet. And by far this kind of technologies giving us opportunity to atleast self-diagnose ourselves or finding information for any kind of diseases and symptoms. In the last few years back, premature ejaculation is one of the most self-diagnose and untreated diseases in men. What is premature ejaculation? Premature ejaculation occurs when a man ejaculates sooner during sexual intercourse than he or his partner would like. Premature ejaculation is a common sexual complaint. Estimates vary, but as many as 1 out of 3 men say they experience this problem at some time. As long as it happens infrequently, it's not cause for concern.

This study was using questionnaire survey method. This method was carried out by randomly distributing the questionnaire to semester 5 and semester 7 male medical student of Udayana University. Due to the lack of cooperation among the students regarding this sensitive issue, only 40 students willingly to participate. Based on this study result, it shows the lack of awareness among male medical students regarding premature ejaculation and most of them doesn’t know that premature ejaculation can be treated.

Keywords: Premature ejaculation, awareness.

Title: AWARENESS OF PREMATURE EJACULATION IN MEN

Author: NUR AISHAH BINTI ZA’ABA

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Premenstrual syndrome is all the symptoms occurring before the menstruation start.  Epidemiological surveys have estimated that as many as 80% of women of adolescent girls experience some symptoms attributed to the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. The previous studies in India reported prevalence of PMS to be 20% in general population and severe symptoms in 8%. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge level of premenstrual syndrome with the view to develop an information booklet and find out association with the selected demographic variables among adolescent girls of Dayananda polytechnic college, Bangalore. The study is descriptive in nature which was conducted in Dayananda sagar Polytechnic College, Bangalore, Karnataka State, India. Thirty samples were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique and a structured questionnaire was provided to collect data regarding knowledge related to premenstrual syndrome. The findings of the study which revealed that, 14(46.6%) respondents had inadequate knowledge, 10(33.3%) respondents had moderate knowledge and 6(20%) respondents had adequate knowledge on premenstrual syndrome.

Keywords: Assess, knowledge, adolescent, premenstrual syndrome, information booklet.

Title: ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE ON PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Author: Vijaya Bhandari, Kalsang langor tamang, Manimegalai S

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Cervical Radiculopathy (CR) is a peripheral nervous system disorder affecting the normal function of Cervical Nerve Roots (CNRs) and is often associated with chronic pain and functional limitations in daily life. Transverse Oscillatory Pressure (TOP), one of the frequently used manipulative techniques by physiotherapists has been claimed to be effective in amelioration of pain intensity especially radiating pain in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. TOP also provides some benefit in the treatment of chronic mechanical neck pain. Objective: This study is to evaluate the effect of (TOP) in the bilateral cervical radiculopathy. Methods: This study was conducted among 10 subjects of both male and female gender within age group of 18 to 58 years, having symptomatic bilateral cervical radiculopathy. The subjects were given Transverse oscillatory pressure (TOP) as an intervention. Pre and post assessment of cervical range of motion (flexion, extension, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion, right rotation, and left rotation) was measured using Universal Goniometer and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used for the neck pain assessment. Results: In the present study, the statistical analysis showed there is a significant difference in pre and post-test scores of cervical range of motion and also there was reduced neck pain among the subjects. Conclusion: This study concluded that transverse oscillatory pressure is effective in improving neck range of motion and in reducing neck pain among the subjects with bilateral cervical radiculopathy.

Keywords: Bilateral cervical radiculopathy, Transverse oscillatory pressure, Pain, Range of Motion.

Title: Effect of Transverse Oscillatory Pressure on Pain and Range of Motion in Bilateral Cervical Radiculopathy: A Pilot Study

Author: Metta Kalpana Reddy, Diker Dev Joshi

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is an ever growing medical condition. The aim of this research is to determine the depth of knowledge on diabetes and adherence level towards medication among type 2 diabetic parents of Udayana University Medical Faculty students. This descriptive research with cross sectional design was conducted using random sampling method. A total of 60 parents with diabetes were enrolled in this study. Male to female ratio was 1:1, with mean global Diabetes Knowledge Test score of 4,95±0,18. The majority of parents (75,00%) had average diabetes knowledge while 16,67% had low knowledge and 8,33% had high knowledge. Moreover, 70,00% of them had low adherence level towards medication while only 18 participants (30,00%) had average adherence. Parents’ depth of knowledge regarding diabetes was found average in this study whereas adherence level was low. Better adherence and significant associations were found with longer duration of diabetes and the male gender. Healthcare providers should pay more attention to diabetes education, especially with respect to dietary concepts. Researchers and physicians in Indonesia should do similar research to get a more comprehensive picture of patients’ knowledge of diabetes and adherence level towards medication.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, knowledge, medication, adherence.

Title: Depth of Knowledge on Diabetes and Adherence Level towards Medication among Type 2 Diabetic Parents of Udayana Medical Faculty Students Year 2020

Author: Dhivvyaa Krishnan Muthy, Agung Wiwiek Indrayani, Bagus Komang Satriyasa

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: One type of corona jumped from bat to animal then to human and this virus calling SARS-COV-2 and causes the COVID-19 disease. The COVID-19 is keep increasing day-by-day in all of the world and in the other hand some of discharged patients after recovery show some positive RT-PCR and they think they were infected by same virus again or the virus reactivated again. In this paper, I have demonstrated that reactivation and reinfection will not occur in the same person in a short period of time.

Keywords: Corona Virus, COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Reinfection, Reactivation, Redetection, RT-PCR.

Title: A Study on Re-infection and Re-activation of SARS-COV-2

Author: Aashoqullah Sajaad

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Rhinosinusitis is a common health problem in the world. Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The case of rhinosinusitis occurs in 1 in 8 adults in the United States, and generates more than 30 million diagnoses annually. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of patients with rhinosinusitis who come and get treatment in ENT Polyclinic Sanglah General Hospital period of January-June 2019. The method used in this study is descriptive retrospective and uses secondary data obtained from the medical record of Central General Hospital (RSUP) Sanglah Denpasar period of January-June 2019. The data is then processed and presented in a tabular form, using Microsoft Excel and Word programs. The results show that from 83 patients with rhinosinusitis, the average age of patients with rhinosinusitis is 39.2 years with the most proportion in the age of 31-45 years, a number of 30 sufferers (36.1%). The gender of men with rhinosinusitis is the most common, there are 42 people (50.6%). The main complaint with the most common symptoms of rhinosinusitis is nasal congestion as much as 47 sufferers (56.6%). The most commonly concured minor symptoms are other symptoms of cough, sneezing, painful swallowing of 38 sufferers (45.8%).

Keywords: Rhinosinusitis, patient characteristics, ENT polyclinic, chief complaint.

Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH RHINOSINUSITIS IN ENT POLYCLINIC SANGLAH GENERAL HOSPITAL PERIOD OF JANUARY-JUNE 2019

Author: Kadek Karmini Putri

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Joint mobilization is the technique performed to reduce the pain and increase joint range of motion. It is applied to treat majority of joint problems. Mobilization techniques are performed on the basis of Maitland grades and forces are applied according to level of intensity of pain. Different methods are applied like distraction, compression, rolling and spinning to increase ROM by stretching soft tissues. Gong’s mobilization technique is end range mobilization technique in which a corrective Antero-Posterior glide is applied with the shoulder in the dynamic position followed by distraction and performing the restricted movement. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of Gong’s mobilization on pain, range of motion and disability in subjects with frozen shoulder. Methods: This pilot study was conducted on 15 frozen shoulder subjects. Subjects with frozen shoulder, determined by self –administered positive test for frozen shoulder were included in the study. Gong’s mobilization was given as intervention program for two weeks. The measurement of pain, range of motion and disability was assessed for pre and post four weeks. Results: In the present study, the statistical analysis showed there was a significant difference in pre and post scores of pain, range of motion and disability with P value <0.005. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that gong’s mobilization is effective in improving pain, range of motion and disability in a group of frozen shoulder.

Keywords: Frozen shoulder, Pain, Range of motion, Disability, Gong’s mobilization.

Title: EFFECT OF GONG’S MOBILIZATION ON PAIN, RANGE OF MOTION AND DISABILITY IN FROZEN SHOULDER: A PILOT STUDY

Author: Manish Shrestha, Diker Dev Joshi

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Cigarettes have become one of the world's health problems. Smoking is also commonly found among students. Many things can affect a person's smoking behavior. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship of social environmental factors with student smoking behavior. The study used an analytic design with a cross-sectional approach that included 153 medical students batch 2017 of Udayana University. Data were collected by filling out a questionnaire that included respondents' smoking status, parents, peers, gender, number of cigarettes consumed, reasons for smoking and age of first smoking. Data analysis using SPSS for Windows version 26 with chi-square analysis and significance level used 0.05. Of the 153 respondents, 13 respondents (8.5%) have smoking habits. Most respondents consumed less than 5 cigarettes per day (69.2%). The reasons for continuing to smoke are feelings of pleasure (38.5%) and solidarity between friends (38.5%). Most respondents started smoking at the age 15 and 17 (30.77%). The analysis of relationship between social environmental factors with student smoking behavior resulted in smokers whose parents are also smoker 1 respondent (0.7%), smokers whose peers are also smokers 10 respondents (6.5%) and smokers whose gender are men 10 respondents (6.5%). There was a significant relationship between smokers' peers (p = 0.002) and gender (p = 0.001) with smoking behavior of students. There was no significant relationship between the factors of smoker’s parents with smoking behavior of students (p = 0.279). It can be concluded that there is a relationship between smokers' peers and gender with student smoking behavior. There is no relationship between the factors of smoker's parents with smoking behavior of students.

Keywords: Cigarettes, Medical student, Smoking behavior, Social environment, Parents, Peers, Gender.

Title: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN COLLEGE STUDENT

Author: Soares, Gabriela Natasha BLC,  Ani, Luh Seri,  Weta, I Wayan

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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