Vol 14 Issue 1 April 2026-September 2026

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and the spine is the most frequent site of skeletal metastasis, occurring in up to 70% of patients with metastatic disease. The clinical presentation is often insidious — patients may present first to a neurosurgeon with axial back pain, radiculopathy, or frank myelopathy, without any prior breast cancer diagnosis. This bidirectional clinical reality necessitates a structured collaborative framework between the breast oncosurgeon and neurosurgeon.

Objective: This review defines the complementary and interdependent roles of the breast oncosurgeon and neurosurgeon in the detection, evaluation, surgical planning, and postoperative management of breast cancer spinal metastases. We propose an evidence-based collaborative surgical framework applicable in multidisciplinary oncology settings.

Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Search terms included "breast cancer spinal metastases," "neurosurgery breast oncology collaboration," "separation surgery," "NOMS framework," "SINS score," and "multidisciplinary spine oncology." Fifty-five relevant articles were identified and synthesized.

Results: Breast cancer spinal metastases exhibit molecularly driven heterogeneity. The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) and the Neurological-Oncological-Mechanical-Systemic (NOMS) framework provide evidence-based surgical thresholds. Surgical indications encompass epidural spinal cord compression, spinal instability, radioresistant disease, intractable pain, and diagnostic uncertainty. A collaborative surgical framework — incorporating structured referral criteria, multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT) protocols, systemic therapy integration, and radiation sequencing — improves time-to-surgery and neurological outcomes.

Conclusion: Breast cancer reaches beyond the breast. An integrated, protocol-driven collaboration between the breast oncosurgeon and neurosurgeon optimizes patient outcomes across all phases of metastatic spinal disease. Standardized referral pathways, shared MDT platforms, and surgical sequencing algorithms are essential to this collaboration.

Keywords: Breast cancer; spinal metastases;  collaborative framework ; multidisciplinary team; NOMS; SINS; epidural spinal cord compression.

Title: From Primary to Spine: A Collaborative Surgical Framework for Breast Cancer with Spinal Metastases

Author: Dr. Richa Rani, Dr. Saurabh Patel

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 360-371

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 27-June-2026

Abstract: Background: Non-prescribed antibiotic use is a major global public health concern because of its role in driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR), treatment failure, and escalating healthcare costs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing, assess KAP among community pharmacy staff, and identify associated public health risks in Kigali, Rwanda.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 community pharmacy staff across Gasabo, Nyarugenge, and Kicukiro districts. Data were collected using a structured and validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression were applied; statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: A total of 38.6% of respondents reported dispensing antibiotics without a prescription. Azithromycin (23.53%), amoxicillin (19.20%), ciprofloxacin (18.89%), and doxycycline (17.34%) were the most frequently dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions. Knowledge was predominantly moderate (87.0%), attitudes were mostly moderate (72.5%), and practice levels were moderate in 78.7% of participants. Practice level was the strongest and only statistically significant predictor of non-prescribed dispensing: staff with moderate practices were 78.5% less likely (aOR = 0.215; 95% CI: 0.092-0.503; p < 0.001), and those with high practice levels were 96.3% less likely (aOR = 0.037; 95% CI: 0.004-0.330; p = 0.003) to dispense without prescriptions compared to staff with low practice levels.

Conclusions: Non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing remains prevalent in Kigali, driven by patient pressure, economic incentives, and regulatory gaps. Practice adherence is the strongest modifiable determinant. Strengthening regulatory enforcement, continuous professional training, and targeted public health education are urgently recommended.

Keywords: non-prescribed antibiotics, antibiotic dispensing, community pharmacy, antimicrobial resistance, knowledge, attitudes and practices, Rwanda.

Title: Determinants of Utilizing Non-Prescribed Antibiotics among Patients with Bacterial Diseases Visiting Community Pharmacies in Kigali, Rwanda

Author: Ishimwe Thierry Patrick, Emile Sebera, Jean Damascene Dusabimana, Emile Twagirumukiza, Donatien Mbonyintwari, Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 351-359

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 27-June-2026

Abstract: Globally, an unwanted adolescent pregnancy is one of the biggest concerns. Annually, around 12 million adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 experience pregnancy, with 75% residing in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, unwanted adolescent pregnancy is recognized as a critical public health setback requiring coordinated efforts across multiple sectors. Despite previous successes in reducing teen pregnancies in Rwanda, progress has recently stalled. No studies have been published to elucidate level of unwanted teenager pregnancy in Gasabo district or Kibagabaga Level II Teaching hospital. It was this reasons that let to study prevalence of unwanted teenager pregnancy in Gasabo district and lastly evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among teenagers attending Kibagabaga Level II Teaching Hospital, Rwanda. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches through interviews and surveys. The design was descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective, covering data from the last five years. A sample of 341 teenage girls was selected using purposive and retrospective sampling techniques, and data were analyzed in SPSS version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that the period prevalence rate of teenage pregnancy among teenagers was 9.18% (31) with associated significant protective values of RR (0.01, 0.91) and p-value of 0,023. Knowledge of the negative attitudes and practices toward contraception significantly increased vulnerability. 94 (30.3%) of the respondents identified condoms as the method they were most familiar with. However, awareness of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) such as implants (4.1%) and emergency contraceptive pills (6.3%) was notably low. Attitudinal and practice assessments revealed similarly concerning trends where 58.1% (198) believed a girl should not suggest condom use to her boyfriend, and only 10.6% (36) reported using them consistently, while 60.7% (207) used them occasionally, and 28% (98) never used condoms. The study concluded that comprehensive SRH education, accessible youth-friendly services, and engagement of religious and cultural leaders are critical. Recommendations included establishing a youth-dedicated room (Icyumba cy’urubyiruko) at Kibagabaga Hospital served by trained SRH providers, expanding school and community outreach programs, integrating SRH into all education levels, and strengthening parent-adolescent communication on sexuality.

Keywords:  Prevalence, teenage pregnancy, health information, knowledge, attitude, practice, Kibagabaga, Rwanda.

Title: PREVALENCE OF UNWANTED TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG TEENAGERS ATTENDING KIBAGABAGA LEVEL II TEACHING HOSPITAL, RWANDA

Author: Mick Ndayishimiye, Maurice B. Silali

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 336-350

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 27-June-2026

Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life is a proven, cost-effective strategy for improving child survival and health outcomes. Although Rwanda reports high national EBF rates, limited evidence exists on whether mothers receive, understand, and apply EBF-related health information. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of EBF health information uptake and describe information sources, accessibility, and perceived quality among mothers of infants younger than six months attending Kirehe District Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2025. Quantitative data were collected from 315 breastfeeding mothers using structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were obtained through five focus group discussions involving 53 mothers and 15 key informant interviews with healthcare providers. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Findings showed that 90.1% of mothers had taken up EBF health information, while 83.5% reported receiving information from at least one source. Health facilities were the main source (73.0%), followed by media (18.0%), community health workers (5.3%), and family or friends (3.7%). Only 43.5% of mothers received EBF counseling at every antenatal care visit, whereas 40.5% received it occasionally and 16.0% rarely. Despite these gaps, 95.1% considered the information adequate. The study concludes that EBF information uptake in Kirehe District is high, but counseling remains inconsistent and largely dependent on health facilities. Strengthening counseling during antenatal care and expanding communication channels could improve access to breastfeeding information, support feeding decisions, and sustain breastfeeding practices as demand grows.

Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding; health information uptake; antenatal care; sources of information; Rwanda.

Title: Prevalence of Health Information Uptake on Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers of Infants below Six Months in Rural Rwanda

Author: Febronie Muhorakeye, Maurice Silali

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 329-335

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26-June-2026

Abstract: Physical activity (PA) is essential for maintaining good health. Globally, there is growing evidence suggesting decline in PA. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease. Despite the role of healthcare workers (HCWs) in health promotion, they are on risk of insufficient physical activity due to their occupational demand. Information regarding PA among health care workers in Rwanda is limited creating a gap in knowledge critical for promoting their health and optimizing their ability to deliver healthcare services. Knowing the level of physical activity can help healthcare workers to plan for PA programs. This study was guided by 2 specific objectives including to assess the level of physical activity among healthcare workers and to determine the associated factors to physical activity. A quantitative cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 254 participants were recruited using a systematic sampling technique. A Standardized international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF) was utilized to collect data, analyzed using SPSS 28.0. Both descriptive analysis including frequency and percentage as well as inferential analysis using chi-square test (p <0.05) was done. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was computed. The data was presented in frequency tables and figures. Among the 254 HCWs participated in this study composed of nurses 153 (60.2%), Allied health professionals 60 (23.6%) and Medical doctors 41(16.1%).  The findings revealed that most of HCWs 164(64.5%) had low level of PA followed by 67 (26, 4%) with moderate level and 23(9.1%) had high PA levels. Therefore only 90(35.5%) had adequate PA. There was significant associations between variables including age (χ²₌11.14, P=0.011, 95%CI: 1.01–1.09), gender (χ²₌6.51, P=0.011, 95% CI: 1.21–3.59), occupational status (χ²₌9.36, P=0.09, 95% CI: 0.92–1.68), and availability of PA policy (χ²₌6.52, P=0.011, 95% CI: 1.29–5.86) however none of the factors was found significant after adjusting with confounding factors. The study concluded that physical inactivity were prominent among healthcare workers at King Faisal Hospital Rwanda based on the WHO guideline and there were no single factors that can predict PA. Intensifying action that promote different types of PA among healthcare workers at King Faisal hospital is recommended.

Keywords: Physical Activity, Levels, Health Care Workers, King Faisal Hospital, Rwanda.

Title: Assessment of Physical Activity Levels and Its Associated Factors among Health Care Workers at King Faisal Hospital, Rwanda

Author: Kambali Alexis, Dr Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 318-328

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26-June-2026

Abstract: Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) has become one of the most important health financing reforms for improving healthcare access in low- and middle-income countries. Rwanda’s Community-Based Health Insurance scheme, locally known as Mutuelles de Santé, has contributed significantly to the achievement of universal health coverage and improved healthcare utilization. However, the empirical data on how CBHI affects maternal health services utilization and maternal and neonatal outcomes is still limited. This study assessed the influence of CBHI on maternal healthcare services utilization and maternal and neonatal outcomes at Kibungo Level Two Teaching Hospital in Rwanda. The study used quantitative method design. A retrospective cohort approach was employed involving 375 well completed maternity records from 2023 to 2025 that were purposively selected. Data were entered into Microsoft excel, coded and cleaned, analyzed using SPSS version 26 through descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis. Findings showed that 91.2% of women were enrolled in CBHI, while 16.3% possessed supplementary insurance schemes such as RAMA, MMI, Sanlam, and Old Mutual. Women enrolled in CBHI demonstrated significantly higher utilization of antenatal care 84.2% compared to 39.4% for uninsured, skilled birth attendance 96.8 vs 72.7%, and postnatal care services 88.6% vs 45.5% of uninsured women. Maternal complications and neonatal admissions were significantly lower among insured women. Logistic regression analysis indicated that insured women were 8.20 times more likely to experience favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes than uninsured women (OR = 8.20, p < 0.001), where insured women 93.3% had no maternal complications compared to 69.7% of uninsured, and neonates with ≥7 Apgar score 95.0% vs 70%. The study concludes that CBHI significantly influence maternal healthcare utilization and improves maternal and neonatal outcomes in Rwanda.

Keywords: Community-Based Health Insurance, maternal healthcare, maternal outcomes, neonatal outcomes, Rwanda.

Title: Community-Based Health Insurance as a Determinant of Maternal Health Outcomes: Evidence from a Retrospective Cohort Study in Rwanda

Author: Pierre NDAYIZEYE, Dr. Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 300-317

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26 -June-2026

Abstract: Background: Adolescent pregnancy imposes a disproportionate burden on maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes globally, with over 21 million adolescent girls giving birth annually in developing regions. In Rwanda, only 45% of pregnant adolescent girls complete the recommended four antenatal care (ANC) visits, compared to 70% of adult women. Despite national efforts to expand MCH services, the factors limiting accessibility and utilization of MCH nutrition services specifically among pregnant adolescents at facility level in Kigali remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of MCH nutrition service utilization among pregnant adolescent girls attending Remera Health Centre, Gasabo District, Kigali.

Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted. The total population of 80 pregnant adolescents aged 10–19 years attending Remera Health Centre during the study period was enrolled via census sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with health facility leaders. Descriptive statistics, chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests, and multivariable binary logistic regression identified independent predictors of ANC attendance. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically.

Results: Among 80 pregnant adolescent girls, 82.5% (n=66) reported attending ANC visits at Remera Health Centre; 27.5% always attended and 5.0% rarely attended. Of 21 candidate sociodemographic, geographic, sociocultural, and knowledge/attitude/practice (KAP) variables tested, only two were significantly associated with ANC attendance at the bivariate level: understanding the benefits of ANC check-ups (χ²=6.78, p=0.034) and awareness of community child health services (χ²=8.71, p=0.013). Neither association reflected a simple knowledge gradient; in both cases, attendance was similarly high among adolescents who answered “yes” (85.9% and 87.7%) or “no” (81.8% and 81.2%), but markedly lower among the small subgroup who answered “I don’t know” (40.0% and 42.9%). In a multivariable logistic regression model recoding each variable as certain (yes/no) versus uncertain (“don’t know”), uncertainty about ANC check-up benefits (aOR=0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.54, p=0.010) and uncertainty about community child health services (aOR=0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.47, p=0.004) were independently associated with markedly lower odds of ANC attendance (Nagelkerke R²=0.25). Comprehensive prenatal nutrition counselling was received by 63.8% and adequate breastfeeding support by 60.0% of participants. Stigma related to adolescent pregnancy was reported by 70.0% of participants, and qualitative interviews with facility leaders identified stigma, transportation costs, nutritional knowledge gaps, and inadequate adolescent-specific programming as barriers, providing contextual insight that complements the quantitative results.

Conclusion: Among pregnant adolescents attending Remera Health Centre, ANC attendance was high overall and was not significantly explained by the sociodemographic, geographic, or sociocultural factors commonly reported elsewhere in the sub-Saharan African literature, likely reflecting this facility’s urban location and the relative homogeneity of a single-site census sample. The clearest signal to emerge was that adolescents who responded with uncertainty rather than a confident “yes” or “no” to basic MCH knowledge questions had substantially lower odds of ANC attendance, suggesting that indecision or disengagement from health information may be a more useful marker of risk than knowledge level itself. Given the small sample and limited number of non-attendance events, these findings should be treated as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Qualitative interviews nonetheless point to stigma, transportation costs, and gaps in adolescent-specific counselling as persistent, modifiable barriers worth addressing through targeted, adolescent-friendly service delivery, even where they did not reach statistical significance in this sample.

Keywords: adolescent pregnancy; antenatal care; maternal and child health nutrition; health literacy; knowledge uncertainty; stigma; Rwanda; Kigali; mixed methods.

Title: Factors influencing accessibility and utilization of maternal child health nutrition services among pregnant teenager girls visiting Remera Health Centre, Kicukiro District

Author: Larissa Mukire, Emile Sebera, Donatien Mbonyintwari, Emile Twagirumukiza, Jean Damascene Dusabimana, Maurice Silari

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 286-299

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: Background: Obesity in young adults is linked to metabolic disorders, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life (QoL). Integrated Naturopathy and Yoga (IN&A) have emerged as holistic interventions targeting both physical and mental health.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial involving 120 obese young adults compared a 12-week IN&A program (n=60) with conventional lifestyle advice (n=60).

Results: The experimental group (EG) showed noteworthy reductions in body weight (BW), BMI, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), fasting blood glucose (BG), lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP), alongside improvements in stress, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life (p<0.001). Conversely, the control group (CG) showed no noteworthy changes during the 12-week intervention period.

Conclusion: IN&A effectively improved obesity-related physical and psychological parameters, supporting its use as a safe complementary treatment.

Keywords: Obesity, Young Adults, Naturopathy, Yoga, Body Mass Index, Stress, Anxiety, Lifestyle Intervention, Quality of Life, Holistic Health.

Title: Effect of Integrated Naturopathy and Yoga on BMI and Stress Levels among Obese Young Adults

Author: Dr Deepa V, Dr. V. Seviga Devi, Dr. Vasunthara. M, Dr. Ishwariya, Dr. Raja Vinayagam. S, Dr. Keerthana K, Dr. Inparithika S

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 281-285

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: The study examined factors contributing to the low uptake of health information on malnutrition prevention and control among households with children under five in Cyanika Sector, Rwanda. Specifically, it assessed the extent of health information utilization, identified key barriers to its uptake, and explored the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the application of nutrition-related information. A qualitative case study design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews with caregivers, local leaders, and health counsellors, alongside a review of relevant documents. The findings revealed that the utilization of health information on malnutrition prevention remained limited due to several interconnected factors. These included low levels of caregiver education, cultural beliefs and practices, inadequate access to media and communication channels, irregular visits by health workers, financial constraints, and weak community participation in nutrition-related initiatives. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics such as caregiver age, household headship, distance from health facilities, and household attitudes toward nutrition significantly influenced the extent to which health information was understood and applied. The study further established that households with educated caregivers, female-headed households, and those located closer to health facilities demonstrated better knowledge of nutrition practices and were more likely to consistently implement recommended malnutrition prevention measures. These findings highlight the importance of addressing not only information dissemination but also the broader socio-economic and structural conditions that affect health information utilization. The study concluded that improving the uptake of nutrition information requires a comprehensive and integrated approach. Effective interventions should combine nutrition education with economic empowerment initiatives, culturally sensitive communication strategies, improved access to food and health services, and strengthened community-based outreach programs. By addressing the underlying barriers to information utilization, stakeholders can enhance caregivers’ capacity to adopt recommended nutrition practices and reduce malnutrition among children under five. The study recommends strengthening community nutrition education, promoting caregiver empowerment, integrating livelihood support into nutrition programs, improving healthcare accessibility, and developing culturally appropriate health education materials to support sustainable child nutrition outcomes in Cyanika Sector.

Keywords: Low Uptake, Health Information, Prevention, Malnutrition, Under 5 Children, Cyanika Sector.

Title: Factors Contributing to Low Uptake of Health Information on Malnutrition Prevention and Control Methods among Household of Under 5 Children in Cyanika Sector, Rwanda 2025

Author: Ms. Niwewanjye Yvette, Dr. Fisseh Berehe

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 266-280

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: Background: Neonatal hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) kill tens of thousands of children in sub-Saharan Africa annually, yet district-level burden data from Rwanda remain unpublished. This study determined the period prevalence and independent predictors of neonatal HAI at Kabaya District Hospital, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda.

Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of systematically sampled neonatal admission records (January 2022–December 2024). Of 1,704 admissions, every 4th record was selected (n=380); nine were excluded (analytic n=371). Primary outcome: clinician-ascertained HAI per CDC/NHSN criteria. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis at p<.05. Prevalence estimated with Wilson score 95% confidence intervals.

Results: Period prevalence was 13.7% (52/380; 95% CI [10.5%, 17.4%]). Sepsis predominated (55.8% of HAI cases). Case-fatality was 11.3%. Three independent predictors: maternal UTI history (aOR = 23.81, 95% CI [5.49, 103.31], p < .001), prolonged labour (aOR = 7.69, 95% CI [1.52, 38.92], p = .013), and perinatal asphyxia (aOR = 6.84, 95% CI [1.97, 23.72], p = .002). Hosmer–Lemeshow test confirmed model fit (χ² = 6.84, p = .554).

Cionclusion: Intrapartum complications account for the bulk of this facility’s neonatal HAI burden. Antenatal UTI screening, intrapartum care improvement at health centres, and post-asphyxia infection prevention protocols are the highest-yield actionable targets.

Funding: None. Ethical clearance: Mount Kigali University IRB and Kabaya District Hospital administration.

Keywords: neonatal sepsis; hospital-acquired infection; Rwanda; district hospital; perinatal asphyxia; maternal UTI; infection prevention; sub-Saharan Africa.

Title: Prevalence and Associated Factors of Neonatal Hospital Acquired Infection in Kabaya District Hospital, Rwanda

Author: Jean D’Amour Nyirimpuhwe, Amos Habimana, Amanuel A. Kidane

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 259-265

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 22-June-2026

Abstract: Functional foods are specialized foods having extra-nutritional functions. Functional foods are indeed specialized foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. They contain biologically active compounds, such as fiber, probiotics, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, that support optimal health and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases when consumed regularly as part of a varied diet They can be natural (like blueberries or whole grains) or fortified/enriched (like iron-fortified cereal or yogurt with live cultures) and are consumed as part of a regular diet for specific physiological benefits. A food can be regarded as functional if it is satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects, in a way which is relevant to either the state of well-being and health or the reduction of the risk of a disease. A food can be made functional by increasing the concentration, adding or improving the bioavailability of a particular component. Functional food science will serve to establish claims based either on enhanced function or disease risk reduction. Functional foods play an important role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and reducing the risk factors of various diseases. Most foods have a functional element which is responsible for improving the healthy state. All food substances such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat, fish, dairy contain functional ingredients. A wide range of naturally occurring substances from plant and animal sources having active components which play a role in physiological actions deserve attention for their optimal use in maintaining health.

Keywords: Functional foods, biologically active compounds, bioavailability, antioxidants, healthy lifestyle.

Title: Functional Foods for Human Health and Management of Diseases -A Review

Author: Dr. CHITHRA.V

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 246-258

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 18-June-2026

Abstract: Newborn birth asphyxia remains a leading cause of newborn morbidity and mortality, particularly in low-income settings like Rwanda. This research targeted to assess the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with newborn birth asphyxia among live births at Kiziguro District Hospital from 2023 to 2025, providing evidence to improve neonatal outcomes and guide interventions. A retrospective design using secondary data from delivery and neonatal registers was employed, with data analyzed in version 26 of SPSS using descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and logistic regression (p < 0.05). Most mothers were aged 18–33 years, had primary/secondary education, attended 2–4 ANC visits, and had no complications; most deliveries were vaginal with normal birth weight. Births increased over time. The prevalence of neonatal birth asphyxia was 12.4% at 1 minute after birth. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified several independent predictors. Newborn d with meconium-stained amniotic fluid at their birth were significantly more likely to develop asphyxia (AOR = 4.8; 95% CI: 3.9–5.9). Other significant factors included obstetric complications (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 2.8–4.3), low birth weight (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI: 2.6–3.9), and prolonged labor (>12 hours) (AOR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.4–3.5). Additionally, cesarean and assisted deliveries, inadequate antenatal care visits (0–2) (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.7–2.6), and referral status (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2–1.9) were significantly associated with increased odds of birth asphyxia. The prevalence of neonatal birth asphyxia at Kiziguro District Hospital is relatively high. Key predictors include meconium-stained amniotic fluid, obstetric complications, low birth weight, prolonged labor, inadequate antenatal care, and referral status. Strengthening antenatal care services, improving intrapartum monitoring, and ensuring timely obstetric interventions are critical to reducing the burden of neonatal birth asphyxia.

Keywords: Prevalence, Neonatal Birth, Asphyxia, Live Births, Kiziguro District Hospital, Rwanda.

Title: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Neonatal Birth Asphyxia among Live Births from 2023–2025 In Kiziguro District Hospital in Gatsibo District, Rwanda

Author: MWISENEZA Jean Paul, Dr. Amos HABIMANA

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 236-245

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-June-2026

Abstract: Limited access to maternal health services remains a significant challenge for vulnerable populations, particularly pregnant adolescent girls with disabilities, whose experiences are often underrepresented in rural settings. This study examined factors influencing access to maternal health services among pregnant adolescent girls with disabilities aged 12–19 years in Kirehe District, Rwanda, focusing on individual, household, community, and health-system determinants. A qualitative descriptive design was employed to explore participants lived experiences. Data were collected through 21 in-depth interviews with pregnant adolescent girls with disabilities, three focus group discussions involving 24 participants, and 10 key informant interviews with community health workers, healthcare providers, and district health officials. Participants were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling to capture diverse disability types, age groups, and geographical locations. Data were analyzed thematically through systematic coding, categorization, and theme development. The findings revealed that access to maternal health services was influenced by multiple interconnected barriers. Physical obstacles included long distances to health facilities, difficult terrain, inadequate transportation, and limited disability-friendly infrastructure. Economic constraints, particularly transportation costs, persisted despite community-based health insurance coverage. Social and cultural barriers such as stigma, discrimination, fear of judgment, and negative perceptions surrounding adolescent pregnancy and disability discouraged timely disclosure of pregnancy and regular utilization of antenatal care services. Health-system challenges, including inadequate provider training in disability-inclusive care, communication difficulties, staff shortages, and inconsistent implementation of adolescent-friendly services, further constrained access and quality of care. Limited access to maternal health information also affected informed decision-making. Despite these barriers, several enabling factors promoted service utilization. Family support through emotional encouragement, financial assistance, accompaniment, and participation in healthcare decisions significantly enhanced access to care. Community Health Workers played a vital role in pregnancy identification, health education, follow-up, and referrals. Additionally, respectful healthcare providers, flexible service delivery approaches, and adolescent-friendly practices strengthened trust and encouraged continued engagement with maternal health services. The study concludes that improving maternal healthcare access for pregnant adolescent girls with disabilities requires integrated, disability-inclusive, and adolescent-responsive interventions that address structural, socio-cultural, informational, and health-system barriers while strengthening family and community support mechanisms. The findings provide valuable evidence to inform inclusive maternal health policies, improve service delivery, and promote equitable maternal healthcare in rural Rwanda.

Keywords: Maternal Health Services, Pregnant, Adolescent Girls, Disabilities, 12–19 Years, Kirehe District.

Title: Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing Maternal Health Services among Pregnant Adolescent Girls with Disabilities Aged 12–19 Years in Kirehe District, Rwanda

Author: NTIRENGANYA Theogene, Dr. Amos HABIMANA

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 224-235

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-June-2026

Abstract: Night eating syndrome is a type of eating disorder that is characterized by hyperphagia in the evening with 25% or more of daily caloric intake after dinner with not less than two nocturnal awakenings during the week to eat food. The prevalence is 1.5% in the general population of the United States. NES prevalence is like other binge eating disorders like bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. It is more frequently seen in obese populations, although not all individuals with NES are, in fact, obese. Objectives: To assess the existing knowledge regarding night eating syndrome among young adults in selected colleges, To assess effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding night eating syndrome among young adults in selected colleges, To associate the post-test knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: Quantitative research approach with Quasi experimental research design was used. 80 subjects were selected by using sample calculation formula with the help of population Prevalence. Youngs Adult population who belonged to 18 to 25 years in selected school. Non-Probability Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The data were collected from selected school, using socio demographic and structured knowledge Questionnaire. Results: 80 subjects 15% of young adults were in the age group of 18-19 years, 62.50% in 20-21 years, 16.30% in 22-23 years and 6.30% of young adults were in the age group of 24-25 years.26.30% of young adults were males and 73.80% of them were females. Parents of 26.30% of young adults were government servant, 35% of them were private servant and 38.80% of them were doing other occupation. 60% of young adults were Hindus, 5% of them were Christian, 1.30% of them were Muslim and 33.80% of young adults were belonging to other religion. All(100%) of young adults were unmarried. 61.30% of young adults were from nuclear families, 36.30% were from joint and 2.50% of young adults were from extended families.42.50% of young adults had monthly family income of Rs 10000-15000, 37.50% had between Rs 15001-20000, 18.80% had between Rs 20001-30000 and only 1.30% of young adults had monthly family income of more than 30000 Rs.41.30% of young adults were vegetarian, 16.30% of them were non vegetarian and 42.50% of young adults were consuming mixed diet. In pre-test 42.5% of young adults had average level of knowledge score and 57.5% of them had good level of knowledge score. Minimum knowledge score in pretest was 7 and maximum knowledge score in pretest was 18. Mean knowledge score in pretest was 12.97 ± 2.63 and mean percentage of knowledge score in pretest was 43.25 ± 8.79. In the post-test,32.5% of young adults had good level of knowledge score, 42.5% had very good and 25% of young adults had excellent level of knowledge score. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Poor, Average, Good, Very Good, Excellent 0% 42.50% 57.50% 0% 0% % of young adults Level of Pretest knowledge score Minimum knowledge score in posttest was 14 and maximum knowledge score in post-test was 28. Mean knowledge score in posttest was 21.20 ± 3.77 and mean percentage of knowledge score in post-test was 70.66 ± 12.58. The association of knowledge score with age in years of young adults from selected colleges. The tabulated ‘F’ values were 2.72 (df=3,76) which is less than the calculated ‘F’ i.e. 6.39 at 5% level of significance. Also, the calculated ‘p’=0.001 which was less than the acceptable level of significance i.e. ‘p’=0.05. Hence it is interpreted that age in years of young adults is statistically associated with their posttest knowledge score.

Keywords: Assess, knowledge, night Eating Syndrome, young adults, Selected School.

Title: A Study To Assess The Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Night Eating Syndrome Among Young Adults in Selected Colleges

Author: Ms. Samiksha Kakade, Mr. Akshay Chavan

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 219-223

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-June-2026

Abstract: A tattoo is a permanent mark or design made on your skin with pigments inserted through pricks into the skin's top layer. Typically, the tattoo artist uses a hand-held machine that acts much like a sewing machine, with one or more needles piercing the skin repeatedly with every puncture, the needles insert tiny ink droplets. The process which is done without anaesthetics causes a small amount of bleeding and slight to potentially significant pain. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding adverse effects of tattoo among junior colleges students in selected areas, to assess the existing knowledge regarding adverse effects of tattoo among junior colleges students in selected areas, to assess effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge adverse effects of tattoo among junior colleges students in selected areas, to associate the post-test knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: Quantitative research approach with pre-experimental research design was used. 80 subjects were selected by using sample calculation formula with the help of population Proportion. Students’ population who belonged to 18 to 25 years in selected junior college. Non-Probability Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The data were collected from selected junior college, using socio demographic and structured knowledge Questionnaire. Results :The present study shows, out of the 80 subjects 15% of Junior College students were in the age group of 16-17 years, 62.50% in 18-19 years and 16.30% in 20-21 years, 26.30% of Junior college students were males and 73.80% of them were females, Parents of 26.30% of junior college students were government servant, 35% of them were private servant and 38.80% of them were doing other occupation,  61.30% of young adults were from nuclear families, 36.30% were from joint and 2.50% of junior college students were from extended families, 42.50% of junior college students had Socio economic status of Rs 10000-15000, 37.50% had between Rs 15001-20000, 18.80% had between Rs 20001-30000 and only 1.30% junior college students had Socio economic status of more than 30000 Rs, 41.30% of junior college students were yes, 16.30% of them were No and 42.50% of junior college students were not known, In pre-test 42.5% of junior college students had average level of knowledge score and 57.5% of them had good level of knowledge score. Minimum knowledge score in pretest was 7 and maximum knowledge score in pretest was 18. Mean knowledge score in pretest was 12.97 ± 2.63 and mean percentage of knowledge score in pretest was 43.25 ± 8.79, In the post-test,32.5% of junior college students had good level of knowledge score, 42.5% had very good and 25% of junior college students had excellent level of knowledge score. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Poor, Average, Good, Very Good, Excellent 0% 42.50% 57.50% 0% 0% % of junior college students Level of Pretest knowledge score Minimum knowledge score in posttest was 14 and maximum knowledge score in post-test was 28. Mean knowledge score in posttest was 21.20 ± 3.77 and mean percentage of knowledge score in post-test was 70.66 ± 12.58, This table shows the association of knowledge score with age in years of Junior college students from selected areas. The tabulated ‘F’ values were 2.72 (df=3,76) which is less than the calculated ‘F’ i.e. 6.39 at 5% level of significance. Also, the calculated ‘p’=0.001 which was less than the acceptable level of significance i.e. ‘p’=0.05. Hence it is interpreted that age in years of junior college students is statistically associated with their post-test knowledge score.

Keywords: Assess, knowledge, adverse effects of Tattoo, Students, Junior College.

Title: A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding adverse effects of tattoo among junior colleges students in selected areas

Author: Mr. Sameer Nandeshwar, Mr. Jhon Masoji

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 14, Issue 1, April 2026 - September 2026

Page No: 214-218

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-June-2026