Vol 4 Issue 3 July 2016-September 2016

Abstract: The five kinds7 of selected indigenous plants, Pandan, (Pandanus amaryllifolious) Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon sp.) Apin, Terstroumonia gitengenesis Elm), Ginger (Zingier officinale) and Garlic (Allium sativum) was used as food preservatives and flavouring agent in the preparation of loaf bread. Temperature is one factor that affects retrogression of the finished product. Under physical appearance the growth of moulds that affects palatability and acceptability of bread. Result showed that among the treatments/flavour experimented lemon grass (Cymbopon sp.) which contains citral has the longest shelf-life with five days at room temperature, the rest of the treatments last only for 3 days. With the levels of acceptability control marks the highest followed by lemon grass, pandan and apin leaves, garlic and ginger. Likewise, the acceptability of bread is directly correlated to its shape, texture, shelf-life and its aroma. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolous) bread has the highest return of investment with 10.39% followed by Lemon grass (Cymbopogon sp.) bread with 8.20%, Apin (Terstruomonia gitengenesis Elm) bread with 7.68%, Garlic (Ginger officinale) bread and ginger (Allium sativum) bread with 6.65% and the control (without flavor) which is only 4.58%. In general the efficacy of the five indigenous plants use as preservative and flavouring agents contains different vitamins, and minerals, anti-bacterial properties and anti-oxidants that strongly help to supress the maturation of mold on bread and increase the shelf life of bread, thus, it helps to preserve the bread. Keywords: Indigenous Plants, Natural Food, Preservatives and Flavouring, Beneficial to Health. Title: The Potential of Five Indigenous Plants of Ifugao as Functional Loaf Bread Ingredients (Preservative & Flavouring) Author: Patricia A. ALiguyon International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study of consciousness and mind is the subject of exploration in the branch of philosophy, psychology, neuroscience and yoga with the quest of nature, function and their results. This study focuses on the nature of consciousness and mind in Samkhya, Yoga of Indian Philosophical systems and modern SKY-Yoga Philosophical Perspective of Vethathiri Maharishi. The focus is also on functional intricacies of bio-consciousness, the network functions of mind, the functional boundaries of mind, and also on whether the consciousness exists independent of physical world with reference to Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY). The revelation of Vethathiri Maharishi on the link between the Brahmam, Cosmic consciousness and bio-consciousness supports his hypothesis as ‘each energy-particle that goes to make up this Universe is both physical and psychic quality’. Keywords: Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY), Vethathiri Maharishi, Brahmam, Bio-Consciousness, Mind. Title: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CONSCIOUSNESS AND MIND Author: P. Dhanapathi International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Every year, nearly half a million women and girls needlessly die as a result of complications during pregnancy, childbirth or the 6 weeks following delivery. Almost all (99%) of these deaths occur in developing countries. The study aim was to describe the utilization pattern of health services by rural women during prenatal period in Uttarakhand and Haryana. The present study was carried out in year 2015-2016 in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand State and Hisar district of Haryana state. Sixty respondents from three age groups of 20 to 60 years i.e., 20 to 33yrs, 34 to 46 yrs and 47 to 60 yrs were selected randomly from each district. Results revealed that majority of the respondents frequently visited to the prenatal clinic in the every month of 1st , 2nd and 3rd trimester. Rest of the respondents reported that costly medical facilities, lack of interest and low family income were the major reasons behind not taking prenatal advice during prenatal period. Keywords: Prenatal period, Utilization pattern Title: UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES BY RURAL WOMEN DURING PRENATAL PERIOD Author: Minakshi Kothiyal, Rita Goel International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The amount of solid waste generated in Mbeya city is estimated to be 167 tons per day, and the one’s which is collected is 74 tons, which means 93 tons of waste generated is not collected. The waste generated is directly proportional to the population, it is estimated one person per day in Mbeya city generates 0.5 kg of solid waste. Population of Mbeya city is 385, 279 based on 2012 National Census. As it is well known, as days goes on most of people in most countries of sub Saharan Africa are going to the cities. As a result, it is envisaged that, the quantity of waste in Mbeya city will also increase in the future. So there is the need of awareness on health effects of solid waste in order to increase the quantity of waste collected by local authorities or private organizations in comparison to the waste generated. The study intended to know the awareness of households on the health effects of solid waste generated. The study has revealed that, nearly 39% of the respondents are not aware of the health effects. Further, it was seen that, the ones who are responsible for handling of waste in many households is women’s. Radio’s and TV have played a great role in disseminating health effects of solid waste to many of the respondents who are aware on the health effects of solid waste. The study shows that, there is the need of health effects education on solid waste, 62% of the households are in need of this education. The awareness will raise the quantity of solid waste collected by the authorities responsible. Keywords: solid waste, awareness, health effects, households. Title: Assessment of awareness on health effects of solid waste generated by households: A case study of Mbeya City, Tanzania Author: Francis Daudi Sinkamba International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of this research article is to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding geriatric care among the gerontological nurses working in selected old age homes in Kanyakumari district. The author conducted a literature search on geriatric care followed by a quasi-experimental study among 60 gerontological nurses and thoroughly scrutinized the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding knowledge on geriatric care. The study also assessed the level of knowledge regarding geriatric care among gerontological nurses and determined the association between pre - test knowledge score on geriatric care with selected baseline characteristics. Analysis was made using various tolls like frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired‘t’ test, and chi- square test. The result showed that there is a significant difference with a (paired) ‘t’ value of 23.413 at (p<0.001) levels and it reveals a significant gain in knowledge among gerontological nurses following the structured teaching programme on geriatric care . The study reveals that if the structured teaching program given effectively it would improve the skills of gerontological nurses in geriatric care. Keywords: Geriatric Nursing, Gerontological Nurses, Geriatrics Care, Care of Elderly; Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Geriatric Care; Knowledge of Gerontological Nurses. Title: A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Knowledge on Geriatric Care Among the Gerontological Nurses Working in Selected Old Age Homes in Kanyakumari District Author: Mrs. Antony Rose Aby International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Title: AN EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN FOR THE UPLAND FORMATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT Author: Tony Hood International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: As the network information age has become more common, mobile Internet, social network, the electronic commerce of the Internet greatly expand the borders and application fields, we are in a data the explosive growth of "big data" era, large data in the social economy, politics, culture, people life and other aspects have far-reaching influence, the big data age to the human data to control ability puts forward new challenges and opportunities. Big data to the business model has the potential of creative destruction. Big data and combined with an efficient business model from the business model of the economic, operational and strategic perspective is pointed out that big data can promote competitive advantage. Target based on innovation and mechanism analysis of the era of big data, the framework of business model innovation around the business model of four interface are analyzed under the background of big data business model components and structure change. At the heart of the big data is established on the basis of correlation analysis. In many fields, the wave of big data is cause disruptive innovation, also will bring to institutional change. Suppliers and their operating status billions of bytes of information. According to a large number of large Numbers can be get, communication, gather, store, and analysis of data, is now in the global economic activity is the core of each department and each function, has become as important as physical assets of human capital factors of production. Big data as a very good perspective and tools. From the Angle of capital, from its data size, the activity and the company's ability to be able to use and interpret data, you can see that the company's core competitiveness. It is the ability of several capital focus point. Mobile Internet and the emergence of a social network bring large data into the new journey, Internet marketing will be based on the analysis of the behavior to make the transition to individualized era. Keywords: Big data, Business model, Value creation and innovation mechanism, Internet of things, Cloud computing. Title: The Study of Analysis of Business Model Innovation Era of Big Data Author: Xu Zhang, Niopat Jitphrasong International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The perennial yearn of developing countries for stable electricity supply and individual efforts to overcome this challenge are well noted situations. This study basically presents an alternative power generating system (power inverter with Photovoltaic cells backup) that provides electricity to household appliances during failure from national grid. This continuity of supply is achieved by converting direct current (D.C) from rechargeable batteries to alternating current (A.C) at a given frequency and supplying it to the load unit automatically without any noticeable interruption. The system switches over to the mains supply once the public power is restored and back to the inverter during power outage. For improved efficiency and extended lifetime, the system consists of two complementary charging sources that charge the rechargeable batteries. The two charging sources are solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and a rectifier circuit. Detailed design calculations and considerations are shown in the work. Switches are incorporated in the system to switch the source of charging between the charging sources and to establish connection between the load and either the mains or the batteries. The different tests and analysis performed on the system show that the PV cells provide significant improvement on the battery charge (lifetime) of the inverter unlike when the system’s only charging source is from the mains. Keywords: Photovoltaic backup, complementary output, inversion, low battery trip, peak inverse voltage. Title: Exploiting the Potentials of Photovoltaic Cells in the Extension of Lifetime of a 2.5 kVA Power Inverter for Stable Power Supply in a Developing Nation Author: Olanrewaju L. Kadir, Okechi Onuoha, Nnaemeka C. Onuekwusi, Nwanyinnaya Nwogu, Uzoigwe U. Victor, Albert C. Agulanna International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study aims to conduct assessment of the vulnerability of cassava growing areas and adaptation strategies done by the community. Specifically, the study is intended to: a. determine the degree of exposure to climate change hazards of the cassava growing communities in Apayao; determine the biophysical and socioeconomic sensitivity to climate change of the cassava growing communities; determine the adaptive capacity of the cassava growing communities to climate change; and determine the vulnerability index and resilience of the cassava growing communities to climate change.The field survey was used with questionnaire, VA tool, observation, focus group discussion and secondary data analysis as data gathering tools. Results revealed that heavy rains, typhoon and the occurrence of pest are the most prevalence climate change hazard, Income sources from agriculture such as farming, backyard gardening and orchard are seen to be sensitive to the climate hazards. Technological adaptations of the cassava growing areas differ for different climate hazards. On typhoon, windbreaks using banana, betel nut and madre cacao and maintaining the existing trees as live fence and at the same time serve as windbreaks. Some farmers claimed de-topping the cassava when there is a typhoon.Ridge planting is done at the onset or rainy season. Weed is being controlled by manual weeding , application of herbicides, off-barring and hilling up.Vulnerability indices in the three barangays where the study conducted showed that respondents are vulnerable to heavy rains, typhoon and the occurrence of pest and moderately resilient to drought. In the light of the findings and conclusion, the following are forwarded as recommendation: Verify effectiveness of the technology adaptation used by farmers through experimentation; Develop IEC materials on the technology used by farmers related to Climate change for greater diffusion; Conduct other researches in other communities other than cassava. Keywords: Cassava, Vulnerability Assessment, Climate Change, Technological adaptation. Title: VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CASSAVA GROWING AREAS IN APAYAO, PHILIPPINES Author: Reymalyn C. Aman, Ronald O. Ocampo, Jonathan Bien C. Domingo, Mirasol L. Agpuldo International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study was conducted to document on-farm conservation practices of traditional upland rice varieties in some selected towns of Apayao. Specifically, it was intended to describe farming practices including beliefs and attitudes in the conservation of upland rice varieties; identify factors or reasons for erosion of traditional upland rice varieties; propose measures or programs that directly concerns on conservation of traditional rice varieties at the farmer’s level. The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research with key informant interview and observation as data-gathering tools. Results revealed that there are 15 traditional rice varieties being cultivated by upland farmers in Apayao. Most of these are used by farmers since time immemorial. The most preferred varieties are Palawan, azucena, saba, ginobyerno pawangwang and others. Majority of the respondents acquire their seed from their own farm and use the same variety for the next planting season. They store their seed by hanging the bundled panicles or dried and placed in a sack. The basis of selecting their seeds were gastronomic (good eating and cooking quality), panicle length, and healthy seeds. The major causes of genetic erosion in upland rice are gastronomic, agronomic and socio-cultural which includes poor cooking and eating quality, low yield, unavailability of planting materials, less cultural use, introduction of new varieties and shifting to other crops. Keywords: Upland Rice, In Situ conservation, Production Practices. Title: On Farm Conservation Practices of Upland Rice Varieties in Selected Towns of Apayao Author: Ronald O. Ocampo, Rema Bascos-Ocampo International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: “Time is the scarcest resource” , a popular passage from a prominent time management consultant, R. Alec Mackenzie. It has been overheard that time is money and must be spent wisely.As workers and managers, this study was conducted to assess the time management of corn farmers of barangay Sta. Lina, Luna, Apayao. Specifically, it sought to determine the time spent by the respondents in the following activities: productive, reproductive, leisure, social and spiritual; identify major activities undertaken by the respondents in a year; document vital lessons on time management as practiced by the respondents. The researchers made use of the descriptive survey method with the use of time log, seasonal calendar, unstructured interview and observation as data –gathering tools. Results revealed that next to rest, their time was spent mostly in their productive activities. Men has greater resting hour than women. Most of their productive time were confined with crop and livestock production. Their major crop produced is corn and rice. Household activities are done by most women although men share the responsibility. Women devote more working time than men which is mostly consumed by doing productive and reproductive activities. Their time is wasted through watching television, drinking liquor, neighboring, idling time away, tinkering around and doing nothing, extended breaks, disorganized works and others. Leisure has been a part of daily activities through watching television; most of their social activities are consumed through neighboring. Activities that strengthen their spiritual life have been part of their daily existence. Keywords: Time management, Productive time, corn farmers, Gender roles. Title: Time Management of Corn Farmers of Luna, Apayao, Philippines Author: Ronald O. Ocampo, Rema Bascos-Ocampo International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The effect of rates of sulphur (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 ppm) on herbage yield of Pennisetum glaucum grass grown on sand culture and arranged in randomized complete block design was investigated. Yield parameters measured were plant height, growth rate, number of leaves, number of tillers and herbage fresh weight. Addition of sulphur favoured plant growth and forage yield. Sulphur doses were positively correlated with herbage fresh weight (r = 0.897*). Herbage fresh weight of plants receiving 2.5 ppm S level was 183% higher than the control, increase in height 58% over the control at the first clipping and 80% by the fourth clipping. Sulphur doses of 2.5 ppm and 7.5 ppm produced leaves 2.6 times and 1.9 times more than the control by the third and fourth clipping respectively. Though plants that receive 10 ppm sulphur produce the highest number of tillers, increasing sulphur levels to 10.0 ppm did not have significant advantage over plants with 2.5 ppm sulphur supply level. Therefore, herbage fresh weight obtained from grasses that received from 2.5 ppm and 10.0 ppm did not have profound differences. Average fresh weight was strongly positively associated with plant height, tiller number and number of leaves produced (0.994**, 0.989** and 0.991**) respectively. Recommended sulphur level for herbage production in Pennisetum glaucum in the humid tropics is 2.5 ppm S equivalent to 5 kg S/ha. Keywords: Pasture Improvement, Forage yield, Sulphur Nutrition, Indigenous grass, Humid Tropics. Title: HERBAGE YIELD RESPONSE OF PENNISETUM GLAUCUM TO SULPHUR FERTILIZATION IN THE HUMID TROPICS OF NIGERIA Author: JOSEPH ETIM OKON ANSA International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The aim of the study is to examine EFL teachers’ perceptions on the significance of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. It has been a challenge for EFL teachers to choose a suitable method of language teaching to meet the learning objectives and outcomes of the English courses taught in schools and colleges across the globe. CLT method has shown the way to follow some strategies and techniques to achieve primary aims of English Language Teaching (ELT). English Language Teaching is practiced in EFL context with the application of applying the variety of methods i.e. Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Structural Method, Audiolingual Method, and Communicative Language Teaching approach, etc. Keywords: Communicative Approach, EFL, ELT, Methods, Techniques, Strategies. Title: EFL Teachers’ Perceptions on the Usefulness of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Author: Mr. Mohd Ahmad Khan International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Land configuration is the prime work for better growth and development of any crop. Cereals contribute to the largest area under cultivable crops in India and worldwide. Land configuration decides the effectiveness of the crop management practices regarding application of nutrient, irrigation, weed management, etc. Major land configuration practices includes raised bed preparation, rides and furrows, broad bed furrows, etc. The general farmer’s practice sowing over flatbed without any proper land configuration, leading to less significant growth and development of crops and in turn lesser yields. Therefore, it is necessary to know about the suitable land configuration for proper growth and development of crops especially cereals. Proper land configuration according to the climatic conditions of the region viz., heavy rainfall area or drought prone areas or area with salinity hazards will act as management practice to the crop. Keywords: Plant Growth, Land configuration. Title: A Short Review of Land Configuration to Improve the Plant Growth, Development and Yield of Cereals Author: S. P. Deshmukh, Jayesh Vasave, A. M. Patel International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals