Vol 2 Issue 4 October 2014-December 2014

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of climate change on security in Nigeria; the study revealed that climate change is able to stir up negative effects in socioeconomic development in the economy of any country particularly developing countries like Nigeria. That climate change undermines human security in the present day, and will increasingly do so in the future, it does this by reducing people’s access to natural resources that are important to sustain their livelihoods it also undermines the capacity of states to provide the opportunities and services that help people to sustain their livelihoods, and which help to maintain and build peace. These direct and indirect impacts of climate change on human security and the state may in turn increase the risk of violent conflicts. The paper recommends an integrated approach to development which must seek to understand the existing vulnerability and coping strategies of the local people to changes in their environment and build on them through policy formulation with adequate participation of the local people. A planned adaptation and effective coping strategy will reduce vulnerability to climate change and other changes in the environment. An in-depth understanding of how individuals, communities and natural system can prepare for and respond to changes in climate and non-climate shocks is important to reducing vulnerability to adverse changes in the environment.

Keywords: Climate change; National Security; Nigeria; Conflicts; Resources.

Title: CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA

Author: Vivan Ezra Lekwot, Ali Andesikuteb Yakubu, Okafor Christian I, Micheal Kingsley Balasom

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Vibrato is a phenomenon that is often perceived in both instrumental and vocal music. It is believed that it adds beauty to the vocal tone. Hence, in Western Classical music, it is considered as a requirement in the singer’s voice. Vibrato is characterized by the speed of fluctuation and the extent of fluctuation. However, it is not very clear if these parameters (rate and extent) vary in males and females. Research has not focused so much on gender differences pertaining to vibrato rate and extent, although they may have included gender related information as a very small part of a study.  Hence, the objective of the present study is aimed at investigating if vibrato rate and extent would vary in males and females. Method: 30 professional singers (untrained), both male and female were instructed to sing the chorus of a Hymn (common to all). Their voice signals were recorded in a sound treated room directly on Praat software and digitized at 44.1 KHz. Each of these samples was analyzed using the Voice and Tremor Protocol available in the Motor Speech Profile module in Computerized Speech Lab software model 4500. Mann-Whitney U test was carried out to find differences in vibrato rate and vibrato extent between males and females.

Keywords: vibrato, rate, extent, gender difference, untrained singers.

Title: Do Rate And Extent Of Vibrato Vary With Gender In Untrained Singers?

Author: A.Anita Reddy, Uma Subramanian

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print)

Research Publish Journals