Vol 4 Issue 2 April 2016-June 2016

Abstract: Microbial assessments of female open and covered shoes in University of Agriculture Makurdi were investigated to ascertain microbial loads. A total of thirty (30) open and close shoes sample were swabbed and cultured on blood agar and nutrient agar for both bacteria and fungi. Three bacteria were identified namely Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococci spp, Baccilus spp and Psuedomonas spp, four fungi were also identified namely Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp and Yeast cell. Staphylococcus aureus tend to dominate both in open and covered shoes among bacteria with frequency of 28 and percentage of 49.1 and the least among the bacteria was Streptococci spp with frequency of 7 and percentage of 12.2 on this research study, bacteria is more dominant in open shoes than close shoes while on fungi Aspergillus spp appears more frequently with occurrence of 15 and percentage of 57.6 and Penicillium spp appears as the least among fungi with frequency of 2 and percentage of 7.6, Mucor spp occurred with frequency of 6 and percentage of 23.0 while Yeast cell occurred with frequency of 3 and percentage of 11.5. Fungi tend to be more dominant in covered shoes than open shoes. Based on the findings of this study, shoes especially covered shoes should be air dried and disinfectant wipes can also be used to avoid infections from these organisms. Keywords: Microbial, Female, Open shoes, Covered shoes. Title: Microbial Assessment of Female Covered and Open Shoes in University Of Agriculture, Makurdi.Benue State.Nigeria Author: ABU, V.A., GBERIKON, G.M, AGBULU, C.O International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Journals

Abstract: Several guiding principles for treatment of Hepatitis C have been developed by prestigious medical bodies worldwide. However these do not take into consideration about the local availability, technology and infrastructure of developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of rapid virological response (RVR) and sustained virological response (SVR) in three categories of naïve, non-responders, and relapsers of HCV patients having genotype 2 and 3 treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2a and ribavirin. Methods: This descriptive clinical study was carried out at multiple places of Pakistan during Jan 2012 to Sep 2014. Hepatitis C patients categorized in three groups of naïve, relapsers, and non-responders treated with Pegylated Interferon alpha 2a 180 µg-40 kD+ribavirin for genotype 2 and 3, for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was SVR and RVR after 24 weeks. Results: Out of the 1,046 patients, 59.3% were male and 40.7% were female. Mean age of patients was 43.57±6.1 years. HCV genotypes were 3 in 62%, and 2 in 38%. SVR was noticed in 76% naïve patients, 42.8% in non-responders, and 47.9% in relapsers. Conclusion: Pegylated-Interferon alpha 2a 180 µg-40 kD mixed with Ribavirin is clinically helpful and well endured in naïve, relapsers, and non-responders with chronic Hepatitis C. Keywords: Hepatitis C, treatment naïve, non-responders, relapsers, virological response. Title: VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE WITH PEGYLATED-INTERFERON ALPHA 2a 180 MICROGRAM-40 KD STUDY Author: Iftikhar Ali Shah, Masroor Ahmad, Zeeshan Ali, Qurban Shaikh, Neeta Maheshwary, Shaz Effendi, Ahson Siddiqi, Muhammad Athar Khan International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: IspE is one the enzyme of non-mevalonate pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic species. The non-mevalonate pathway synthesize isoprenoid precursor. The precursors of the isoprenoids are the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). IspE catalyzes the transfer of γ-phosphoryl group from ATP to 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol (CDP-ME) resulting in 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P). Water soluble C60 derivatives were collected from the literature and were docked into the active site of IspE. The docking results of C60 derivatives and ATP analogues were compared. It was found that all the C60-deivatives have a very good docking than ATP analogues AMP-PNP. Keywords: IspE Inhibitors, Molecular docking, MD Simulation, ZINC database, MMPBSA analysis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Title: Computational studies of C60-derivatives against IspE of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Author: Eman Abdullah Almuqri, Mohammad Teimouri, Junaid Muhammad International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Opuntia cochenillifera is a commonly grown cactus in India; however, no reports are available on its Phytochemistry and ethno pharmacology from India, So this is the First report on this plant species. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical constituents in cladodes and fruits. Cladode showed the presence of Phenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, and Resins. While, fruits showed the presence of Phenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpeonids Steroids, Saponins, Tannins, and Resins Among the phytochemical detected in cladode Flavonoids (5.8%) were found to be maximum followed by phenols (4.1%), Alkaloids (2.05%), Saponins (1.08%), Tannins (0.9%). Similarly, in the fruit, Flavonoids were found maximum (6.1%) followed by Phenols (3.38%), Alkaloids (1.75%), Saponins (1.22%), Tannins (1.2%) and Terpenoids (0.8%). Keywords: Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites, Cladodes, Fruits, Opuntia Cochenillifera. Title: Phytochemical Screening for Secondary Metabolites of Opuntia Cochenillifera (L.) Mill Author: SURYAWANSHI POOJA, VIDYASAGAR G.M International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The cuticular sclerotization is the process of stabilizing the cuticle by the incorporation of phenolic compounds. The sclerotized structures are found throughout the animal kingdom from protozoa to chordates. Sclerotized cuticles vary considerably in terms of hardness and stiffness depending upon their role. However, all have mechanical strength and resistance to chemicals. The phenomenon of sclerotization often takes place immediately after eclosion, sometimes may also happened before ecdysis or in connection with the formation of puparium. The success of insects in evolving flight mechanisms and colonizing in wide range of terrestrial habitats resulted in large part from the development of a light-weight organically hardened exoskeleton more than 300 million years ago. The organic structure was much better adapted to terrestrial insects than in the mineralized exoskeleton of marine insects. Keywords: Cuticle, Sclerotization, tanning, Tyrosine, Insect, etc. Title: Sclerotization in Insects Author: Nasiya-Beegum A. N. International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effect of flaxseed oil, curcumin and their combination against GCs-induced osteoporosis in female rats. Healthy female albino rats (n=70) weighting (160-200 g) were divided into six groups; group I: (n=10) negative control, Groups (second-sixth) (n=60) rats were injected with glucocorticoids (dexamethsone sodium phosphate) (2 mg/kg.b.w/day) for 3 weeks daily. Second group: (n=15) untreated rats (positive control).Third group: (n=10) rats were fed diet containing flaxseed oil (15g/ kg diet). Fourth group: (n=10) rats were orally administered with curcumin (5mg/kg.b.w/day). Five group: (n=10) rats fed on diet containing flaxseed oil (15g/kg diet) and orally administered with curcumin (5mg/kg.b.w/day).Sixth group :(n=15) rats were treated with estrogen (25mg /kg.b.w/day). Data revealed that GCs exhibited significant decrease in body weight, femoral weight, calcium (Ca++) and phosphorus (P) concentration in serum and femur bone, vitamin D, serum osteocalcin (OC), activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.001) for each, elevated in parathyroid hormone (PTH) (p<0.001). Treatment with flaxseed oil, curcumin and mixture showed a significant elevation in Ca++, P+++, Mg++ in serum and femur, vitamin D, OC, ALP and decrease in PTH (p<0.01) compared with untreated group. Histopathological examination showed features of osteoporosis (cracks - wide Haversian canals - thin trabeculae).Treatment with the present substances preserves normal structure of both types of bone, which was more evident in combined treatment. It was concluded that, regular utilization of flaxseed oil and curcumin as an adjuvant supplement during prolonged Gcs therapy to protect against osteoporosis. Keywords: Curcumin, flaxseed oil, osteoporosis, rats, glucocorticoids. Title: Impact of Curcumin and Flaxseed Oil on Bone Turnover in Glucocorticoid-Injected Female Rats Author: Turkyah J. Al-Bogami, Maryam A. Al-Ghamdi , Etimad A. Huwait, , Jalaluddin A. Jalal, Reem AL-Wafi, Bushra S. ALSahafi, Moselhy SS International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effect of soybean and mushrooms on the bone turnover in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis female rats. Healthy female divided into six groups: Group I (n=10): Rats were fed on normal diet as negative control. Groups (II to VI)(n=60): Animals was injected with 2 mg dexamethsone sodium phosphate (glucocorticoid) to induce osteoporosis for 3 weeks daily. Group II (n=15): Rats were injected with 2 mg dexamethsone sodium phosphate as positive control. Group III (n=15): Rats were injected estrogen (25 mg/kg.b.w/day). Group IV (n=10): Rats were fed on diet containing 20% mushroom. Group V (n=10): Rats were fed on diet containing 20% soybean. Group VI (n=10): Rats were fed on normal diet containing 10 % soybean and 10 % mushroom. Data obtained revealed that group II exhibited significantly decrease in body and femur bone weight, calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum and femur bone , serum osteocalcin , alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and significantly increases in parathyroid hormone when compared with group I. Treatment with mushroom or combined with soybean revealed improvement in body and femur weight, calcium , phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in serum and femur bone , serum osteocalcin , alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and significantly decrease in parathyroid hormone when compared with group II. Histopathological examination showed cracks-wide Haversian canals-thin trabeculae. This study demonstrates that mushroom alone or combined with soybean possesses positive effect to protect against osteoporosis. Keywords: Osteoporosis, mushroom, soybean, glucocorticoid, rats. Title: Protective Effect of Soybean and Mushroom against Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Female Rats, Author: Bushra S. ALSahafi, Maryam A. Al-Ghamdi , Etimad A. Huwait, Taha A. Kumosani, Reem AL-Wafi ,Turkyah J. Al-Bogami, Moselhy SS International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.1 Proteinuria has been recognized as one of the earliest signs of renal function deterioration in diabetes mellitus. In the present study, an attempt has been made to establish the PCI in random urine samples, as a convenient, quick and reliable method for the estimation of proteinuria in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic nephropathy. An attempt has also been made to determine the optimal cutoff value of PCI for the prediction of significant proteinuria. This study signifies the role of urinary PCI in detecting even a minor increase in the protein excretion in a random urine specimen. Total of 50 samples were collected from the IPD and OPD patients, 25 patients aged 25 to 65 years, who were diagnosed as diabetics and were confirmed by the estimation of fasting serum glucose (>126 mg/dl). 25 normal healthy subjects, age and sex matched with the diabetic patients, were selected as the Controls. The comparison of urinary protein, urinary creatinine and urinary protein:creatinine index(PCI) between control and study group was analyzed using unpaired “t”-test. . The urinary protein levels were significantly increased, urinary creatinine levels were decreased and urinary protein:creatinine index was significantly higher in diabetic patients as compared to the control group. The present study suggests that random urinary PCI can be a good predictor of significant proteinuria in long term suffering patients of diabetes mellitus during diabetic nephropathy. This test could be a reasonable alternative to the 24-hour urine sample collection for the detection of significant proteinuria in diabetes mellitus patients. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Protein:creatinine index, Proteinuria. Title: ESTIMATION OF URINARY PROTEIN CREATININE INDEX IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH MORE THAN 10 YEARS OF DIABETIC HISTORY Author: Gazallah Jabeen, Ashutosh Kumar International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This work was designed to investigate overweight and obesity in dogs in Maiduguri using five-point body condition scoring and body fat percentage. The total of 30 dogs of both sexes were randomly selected in residential areas of Maiduguri Metropolis, with 29 dogs finally participated in the study. One dog was later excluded from the study because of obvious signs of canine babesiosis; this is because the main criterion of inclusion of dogs into the study is good health apart from obesity. The results using five-point body condition scoring shows 7(24.1%) were overweight (scale 4) and their ribs were palpable but with difficulty, noticeable fat deposits over lumbar area and base of tail and abdominal tuck were absent. The obese (scale 5) dogs were found to be 2 (6.9%) (Scale 5) which reveals massive fat deposits over thorax, spine and base of tail. Waist and abdominal tuck were absent, obvious fat deposits on the neck and abdominal distention were evident. However, the body fat percentage using anthropometric measurement by applying a gender specific formula reveals 1(3.4%) obesity, none was considered overweight. All the dogs were clustered using dendrogram which indicates most of the overweight and obese dogs were found among the exotic breeds, suggesting that breed is one of the factors that can predispose dogs to overweight and obesity. Keywords: Body condition scoring, body fat percentage, dogs, Maiduguri, obesity, overweight. Title: Assessment of Overweight and Obesity in Dogs using Five-point Body Condition Scoring and Body Fat Percentage in Maiduguri, Nigeria Author: M Zakariah, U Auwal, Y M Bukar, K U Ezema F B Mustapha, L Adamu International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: There are an estimated 105 million adolescent girls in the age group 10-19 in India. For young girls and women in India, poor nutrition, and early childbearing and reproductive health complications compound the difficulties of adolescent physical development. Anemia is one of the primary contributors to maternal mortality (20-25%) and is associated with compromised pubertal growth spurt and cognitive development among girls aged 10-19. Nutritional deprivation, increased iron demand for adolescent growth, excessive menstrual losses of iron and early/frequent pregnancies aggravate and exacerbate pre-existing anemia and its effects. Most young girls and women are not adequately aware of their increased nutritional needs for growth (especially increasing their food intake to meet calorie demands of pubertal growth), and importance of various services like pregnancy, infant and child health care resulting in less demand of such services among the young girls and women. The poor nutritional status of mothers’ especially young mothers heightens obstetric risk during pregnancy and childbirth, contributes to maternal mortality, and puts their infants at risk. Neonatal and infant mortality rates among adolescent mothers are 60% higher than among infants born to mothers in the 20-29 age groups. Keywords: Girls and Women, Poor Nutrition, and Early Childbearing and Reproductive Health Complications Compound. Title: To Measure the Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice Among Adolescent Girls, Pregnant and Lactating Women, and Women in the Reproductive Age Group 20-49 Regarding MCH Services at the Gairsain Block of District Chamoli Author: Dr. Naveen Chandra Khanduri International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The repellent property of Lantana camara aqueous extract was tested against two insect pests of cowpea C. maculatus and A. obtectus and one insect pest of maize S. zeamais. The results showed that the extract displayed a mild repellency on C. maculatus with mean repellency of 39.9%. S. zeamais had mean repellency of 33.3% and A. obtectus 24.4%. The extract did not show excellent repellent activities against any of the three test insects as all of them have class repellency of 2 each. Further investigation of the extract should be carried out using other organic solvents on the test insects. Keywords: Repellency, Extract, L. camara, C. maculatus, A. obtectus, S. zeamais. Title: Testing the Repellent Property of Lantana Camara Lin Aqueous Extract on Some Insect Pests Author: Hussaini Y., Bello S., Yakubu M. T., Ishaya M. International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In vitro study of growth of French bean isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum collected from different geographical isolates of NE India against fungal antagonists showed that Trichoderma harzianum caused maximum inhibition of radial growth of S. sclerotiorum followed by Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma koningii respectively. Maximum growth and least per cent inhibition of radial growth by different antagonists was observed in AS (Assam) isolate of S. sclerotiorum. Keywords: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, antagonists, T. harzianum G. virens, T. koningii. Title: Effect of Fungal Antagonists in Restriction of Radial Growth of French bean Isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in Dual Culture Author: C. Lalfakawma, B.C. Das International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Despite advances being made in antiretroviral therapy that is revolutionizing HIV disease management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic still remains elusive. This is attributed to high rate of HIV replication and the existence of a highly error-prone viral reverse transcriptase enzyme causing several mutations during replication. Studies have shown that some of these mutations enhance viral fitness whiles some may cause antiretroviral drug resistance especially, if they occur in the gene regions coding for molecular drug targets. In this study, molecular analysis of the protease and reverse transcriptase gene sequences of the HIV-1 in plasma samples collected from Gem in western Kenya was done; Sequencing of these genes was done with the aim of determining mutations and evaluating each for its ability to confer antiretroviral drug resistance. A total of 21 samples were sequenced and further analyzed. The results showed several mutations in these gene sequences. However, analysis of each of the mutation for drug resistance using Stanford HIV resistance data base revealed that they were secondary mutations which could not confer resistance on its own to any of the currently existing Protease inhibitor or Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor drugs. Since none was found to confer drug resistance, it would be necessary to conduct a future study to find out the effect of these mutations and any other that may arise in future because the virus is continuously undergoing mutation. Keywords: HIV, mutation, antiretroviral drugs, Protease, Reverse transcriptase enzymes. Title: Molecular Analysis of Part of Pol Gene of Hiv-1 Isolates From ARV Naïve Patients of Gem Subcounty of Siaya County, West Kenya Author: Jaleny Paul, Ofulla Ayub, Oyaro Boaz International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The water is a simple chemical compound, but with complex properties because of its bias. The chemical formula of water is H2O. That is, each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom between two hydrogen atoms. Water is essential for human health and well-being; there can be no life on Earth without water. Specifically in Iran country, freshwater availability is too scarce and it is necessary to provide clean drinking water to all citizens. In the Karaj city drinking water is one the main issues and challenges of the government, due to the decrease in the quality of raw water because of environmental and ecological changes, disposal of solid wastes and wastewaters, and also increase in the population and per capita consumption of drinking water, uncontrolled usage of drinking water as result of lack of appropriate consumption patterns of water and drought seasons, are just a few examples of the major challenges of drinking water faced by people and the government. So it is very important to know and to understand different technologies that have been adopted for drinking water to ensure health and safety of the citizens. This study talks about the overview of drinking water procurement, processing in Karaj city-Iran. Keywords: drinking water, procurement, processing, Karaj city-Iran. Title: Overview of Drinking Water Procurement and Processing in Plant No.1 (Hesar Branch) Karaj City-Iran Author: Hanieh Farzaneh, Dr. S. Mokshapathy International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Honey bees benefits to human existence cannot be overemphasized in terms of pollination and hive products. However in the emerging challenges of climate change, land transformation, pests, parasites and diseases, pesticides, and unskilled beekeeping operations, there is need to consider selective breeding of African honey bees to augment conservation and increase hive productivity. Africa's bees tend to have behavioral and genetic characteristics different from the European or American bees. For instance, they tend to be more aggressive than their European counterparts which makes them more productive and resilient. This trait can be utilized for the continent's advantage through selective breeding. This review focuses on some aspects of behavior and genetic worth consideration for a successful selective breeding operation based on the East African honey bees subspecies. Keywords: Apis mellifera, selective breeding, marker assisted selection, behavioral genetics, quantitative trait loci, genetic diversity. Title: Genetic and Behavior Aspects of the African Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera: A Consideration for Selective Bee Breeding in East Africa Author: Harrison Gathenga Kibogo International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals