Vol 7 Issue 2 April 2019-June 2019

Abstract: Understanding the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum populations is of major importance in the outcome of antimalarial drug trials and vaccine design. Merozoite surface protein-2 (msp 2) is a well known antigenic marker for distinguishing infections with P. falciparum. Parasite DNA was extracted from 127 blood samples collected from patients confirmed by microscopy to be P. falciparum-positive followed by PCR-genotyping for msp 2 (block2) allelic family. Out of the 127 positive samples, only 12 were confirmed so by PCR. Six samples were positive for the FC 27 family of msp 2. The FC27 allele sequence gave high frequency of 50% (6/12). The P. falciparum FC 27 allele sequence analyses presented P. falciparum MSA-2 gene having high identity to the query sequence although the nucleotide alignment of the sequence demonstrated several polymorphisms.  The 349bp Plasmodium falciparum FC 27 allele of msp2 gene obtained exhibited polymorphisms. The frequency of occurrence of this molecular marker of malaria virulence was high suggesting Jos is endemic to highly virulent Plasmodium falciparum strains.

Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum,  FC 27 allele, merozoite surface protein 2 gene malaria.

Title: Frequency of the FC 27 allelic family of merozoite surface protein 2 gene signifies highly virulent strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Jos, Nigeria

Author: Ishaya Y. Longdet, Richard J. Kutshik, Bitrus Yakubu, Peter G. Ngutur

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: We herein represent the modifications of synthesis and easy isolation of new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from the corresponding amidoximes were treated with the carboxylic acids followed by the cyclodehydration in p-xylene in the presence of 0.1 equivalent of 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-one (DBU) afforded in 80-96% yield. All the final compounds were isolated followed by purification with Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and Methanol (MeOH) and the review to the synthetic methodologies. This robust purification protocol and  modified process is applicable for the bulk production in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Keywords: Amidoximes, Carboxylic acids, cyclodehydration. 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and DBU.

Title: Modifications to the process for the synthesis of new 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues and the short review on synthetic methodologies of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles

Author: Senthil Periyasmay, Selvaraj Subbiah

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Medicinal plants have considered as an alternative resource to antibiotics in the pathogenic bacterial treatment. In traditional medicine system, plant and their parts widely used as medicine among them Ginger (Zingiber officinale) plants used majorly. The present research work focused on antimicrobial activity of the hexane and methanol extract of ginger has tested against five pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Kirby-Bayer agar diffusion method. In this analysis methanol ginger extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (23.65±0.52) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.32±0.72) and minimum zone inhibition observed in Proteus vulgaris (15.63±0.63). The hexane ginger extract showed that maximum zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (19.23±0.32) and minimum zone of inhibition against Proteus vulgaris (12.53±0.56). Present study, results confirmed that methanolic extract of ginger showed potential antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria over hexane extract, therefore methanolic extract perhaps used against these pathogenic bacterial treatments after proper validation.

Keywords: Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Methanol extract, Hexane extract, Zone of inhibition (ZOI), and Kirby-Bayer agar diffusion method.

Title: Invitro antibacterial activity of ginger root extracts against some pathogenic bacteria

Author: Pavitra T

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a group of carbon nitride compounds with a general formula close to C3N4 (though commonly with non-zero quantity of hydrogen) and two important substructures dependent on heptazine and poly (Triazine imide) units which  liable upon reaction conditions, display reactivities, properties and degree of condensation. Graphitic carbon nitride has high thermal stability, stable chemical structure, non- dangerous nature and medium band gap, as an interesting unique light dynamic semiconductor photocatalyst. This review exhibits the most recent advancement in formation of graphitic carbon nitride C3N4. Fused nanocomposites were used to investigate the photocatalytic ability for purification of water. The graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites were sorted as non-metal doped g-C3N4, noble metals/g-C3N4 heterojunction, transition and post transition metal based g-C3N4 nanocomposite and g-C3N4 without metal nanocomposite. Recently, Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has gained worldwide attention due to great redox ability, metal free nature, suitable energyd gap and visible response, Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is more energy efficient than TiO2 and has better photocatalytic ability through solar irradiation because it can absorb visible light directly. Small surface area, insufficient light absorption and fast recombination of hole pairs and photogenerated electron are some drawbacks of pure g-C3N4.

Keywords: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Nanocomposites, advance oxidation process, Waste water treatment, Photocatalysis.

Title: Fabrication of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Photocatalyst and Its Metal-free Efficient Nanocomposites

Author: Arslan Bashir, Muhammadali Raza, Maria Khalid, Urooj Shahzadi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study was to analyse the mycorrhizal diversity in AM fungi associated with 12 plants of J. P. University Campus, Chapra. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization ranged from 44.4 – 100 % . The highest infection was found in Parthenium hysterophorus L. and lowest in Ricinus communis L . AM fungal spore population with a range of 10 – 155 in 100 g of rhizosphere soils was detected. The maximum spore population was observed in the species , Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. ( 155/ 100 gm of soil) and minimum in Citrus lemon (L.) ( 10/ 100 gm of soil). A total of 25 AM fungal species were isolated which belongs to five genera ( Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Sclerocystis ) and among them Glomus was dominant genera. The maximum species richness (SR) was recorded in Ricinus communis L. (13) while the lowest (2) appeared in  Citrus lemon (L.) . The highest Shannon wiener diversity (H ) was recorded in Ricinus communis L. (2.036) and lowest H was recorded in Clerodendrum  infortunatum Linn. ( 0.875). The maximal Simpson^′s diversity index (D) was recorded in Ricinus communis L. (0.86)  and minimal D was recorded in Citrus lemon (L.) ( 0.29). The maximum species evenness (E_H ) was recorded Azadirachta  indica A. (0.92) and minimum E_H was recorded in Citrus  lemon (L.) ( 0.63).

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Root colonization, Species richness, Shannon -Wiener index, Simpson 's diversity index, Species evenness.

Title: Colonization and Diversity of AM Fungi Associated with Some Plants of Abandoned Cropland in J. P. University Campus, Chapra Bihar

Author: Chanda Kumari, A. K Jha

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a phosphate ester flame retardant product, widely used as Plasticizer.  TPP induced toxicity response in tissues of Indian major carp, Catla catla has been reported. Histological observations confronted detrimental morphological and anatomical alterations induced in vital organs like gill and muscle by sub - lethal toxicity of TPP.  Histological studies revealed that the tissue impairment were found to be adverse with increase in concentration (0.25mg/lt , 0.5 mg/lt and 1 mg/lt) and exposure duration (0 - 15days) of TPP.  As a conclusion, the findings of the present histological investigations demonstrates that the exposure of  fresh water teleost fish, Catla catla to varying concentration of TPP caused moderate to adverse tissue impairment in gill and muscle.  Hence, this plasticizer, TPP  should be used in low ratio for its toxic effect to save our environment.

Keywords:  TPP, Catla catla, Plasticizer, Toxic effect.

Title: The histology of gill and muscle of Indian Major Carp, Catla catla exposed with Triphenyl phosphate.

Author: D. GAYATHRI, L. SHAKILA

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) staging has been used to stratify severity of COPD. The BODE index was proven superior to FEV1 in predicting disease severity in patients with COPD.  Dyspnea or breathlessness is the hallmark symptom of COPD. Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) questionnaire is the simple way to quantify the impact of breathlessness on a patient’s health status. The impact of COPD on an individual patient depends not just on the degree of airflow limitation, but also on the severity of symptoms. COPD Assessment test (CAT) scores were used to assess health related quality of life in COPD patients. The present study was aimed to evaluate the correlation of severity of disease (using BODE index) with disease specific quality of life (using CAT scores). Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated and showed that both the scoring systems had more statistically significant (P<0.05) correlation when compared on the basis of MMRC dyspnea scale than the GOLD criteria for classification of severity.

Keywords: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, BODE index, COPD assessment test (CAT), Dyspnea, Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC).

Title: A cross-sectional correlation study of BODE index and CAT score in male COPD patients

Author: Gurpreet Kaur, Dr Promila Mehta, Dr Jaikishan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: P. aeruginosa wascapable to consum heavy oil as carbon source and produce non insoluble exopolysaccharide. The crude EPS was deprtoenized by tricholoracitic acid naturalized and dialyzed and precipitated by ethanol. One peak was obtained from gel chromatography (G200). By complete acid hydrolysis glucouronic acid, fructose   and glucose were detected by HPLC. This polysaccharide show antioxidant activity that possesses DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with an EC50 =0.201

Keywords: Exopolysaccharide, P. aeruginosa, Heavy Oil, Antioxidant.

Title: Chemical identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exopolysaccharide from heavy oil as a solo carbon source

Author: Anas A. Darwish, Omar A. M. Al-Bar, Rakan H. Yousef,  Rayan A. Sheikh, Yaaser Q. Almulaiky, Youssri M. Ahmed

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present investigation has been done to validate the mutagenic and cytotoxic effect of a neonicotinoid insecticide, Acetamiprid through ames test and root meristem study of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Presoaked seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum were treated with various concentrations of Acetamiprid viz 15, 30, 45 and 60ppm for 6, 12 and 24 hrs. The treated seeds were washed thoroughly in running tap water and allowed to germinate on moist filter paper in petriplate at 25 ± 1ºc. Cytogenetic damages were analyzed after 120 hrs. The result showed significant decrease (p ˂0.05; p˂0.01) in mitotic index and increased chromosomal aberration and micronuclei. The ames test done at the same concentration to validate the mutagenicity also reflected similar results showing increased number of revertant colonies in TA100,  TA 102 , TA 1535. The results were observed to be dose dependent for the selected tester strains. These findings help to validate that the insecticide Acetamiprid is a potential mutagen and also have cytotoxic effect on Trigonella foenum-graecum.

Keywords: Acetamiprid, Ames test, Chromosomal aberration, Trigonella foenum-graecum.

Title: Validation of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of Acetamiprid through Ames and root meristem study of Trigonella foenum-graecum. L

Author: D. S. Yasodha, Dr. K.M. Umarajan, Dr. S.Malathy

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study was carried out to elucidate the mechanism of seed deterioration in ageing Jamun seeds. The naturally dried (Jamun) seeds with the decline in water content show a corresponding decline in % germination. The damage caused by water removal are due to the production of reactive oxygen species which when produced in large amount are the source of damage to membrane lipids, proteins and nucleicacids. As a consequence, dessication tolerance and prolonged longevity in the dessicated state depend on the ability to scavenge the reactive oxygen species, by using scavenging enzymes. Battery of scavenging enzymessuch as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) are playing vital role in protecting ROS induced cellular damage. The fresh Jamun seeds exhibiting absolute germination recorded highest level of of scavenging enzymes SOD, CAT and APX both in the axis and cotyledons that were reduced gradually with decline in percent germination in response to ageing (slow drying). The decrease in germinability of Jamun seeds was correlated with the increased accumulation of total peroxides due to decrease in the activities of scavenging enzymes SOD, CAT and APX.

Keywords: Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Enzymes, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX).

Title: Impairment of Scavenging Enzymes mediated Seed Ageing in Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) seeds

Author: Jyoti Bakshi, S.C. Naithani

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Cancer is the world's second largest cause of death. Currently, most treatments depend on chemotherapy which uses toxic drugs that are also toxic to normal healthy cells.  Medicinal plants have gained a global attention due to its therapeutic properties as an alternative medicine maintains health and prevents or treats diseases. Annona muricata, also known as Graviola is one of the medicinal plants and has been used traditionally to treat many diseases. Currently A. muricata plant particularly the leaves have been used to treat cancer. It is known for its selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells without harming other cells. The objective of this review was to assess the potential effects of A. muricata against various diseases specifically cancer. A. muricata specially leaves, is found to contain hundreds of bioactive chemical compounds. Acetogenins are the most important phytochemical compound. A. muricata, has a wide array of bioactivities against several diseases such as; arthritis, diabetes, parasitic infections, hypertension and cancer. Comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies in vivo and in vitro with significant findings have been included in this review. A. muricata has unique defensive mechanism as antiproliferative and anticancer, through depleting cancer cell from ATP and inducing apoptosis. Because of that A. muricata is a promising, highly effective and selective medicinal plant and needs to be further investigated in order to determine the magnitude of effects, optimum dosage, long-term safety of use, and possible side effects.

Keywords: Traditional medicine; Leaves; Anti-cancer; Apoptosis.

Title: Review Annona muricata (Graviola): Traditional Medicinal Uses and Pharmacological Activities

Author: Suzan B. Abdu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Obesity is a global heath issue presenting increased mortality and morbidity. It is characterised by multifactorial diseases (Diabetes, fatty liver, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease and cancer). Obesity is due to chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure leading to excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue. This review endeavours on key factors, metabolites, neuroendocrine regulation, microbiota and role of adipokines on obesity which can be applied in development of new strategies in combating obesity.

Keywords: Obesity, Adipose tissue, gut microbiota and adipokines.

Title: OBESITY – An Overview

Author: Asra Fathima, Farhath Khanum

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Antioxidants are a class of compounds that are able to reduce or prevent the oxidation of a substrate whilst being present at a lower concentration than the oxidisable substrate. Whilst oxidation is essential for cell survival, it can produce free radicals, and thus lead to chain reactions that may cause the oxidative damage of the biological molecules found in the human body. This damage can culminate in many diseases including cancer. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) terminate these chain reactions. To balance the oxidative state, animals and plants maintain a complex system of overlapping antioxidants, for example glutathione and enzymes, produced internally, or the dietary antioxidants vitamin C, and vitamin E. Apart from its therapeutic value, it has also garnered much attention in the cosmetic and food industries for its preservative benefits and chemical industries for oxidation inhibition effects. Antioxidants can be broadly classified under two branches depending on their source of origin: natural or synthetic. Under the section of the natural compounds, it can be further classified into enzymatic or non-enzymatic depending on the physical or chemical properties and mechanism of actions. Enzymatic antioxidants can also be subdivided into primary and secondary antioxidant. Under the arm of the non-enzymatic antioxidant, it is further subgrouped as minerals, carotenoids, vitamins, polyphenols, etc. Synthetic antioxidants, whilst serving the same function as the natural antioxidants, are chemically produced with specific uses in the food, cosmetics, and therapeutic industry. This article will review the roles of the different categories of antioxidants and their mechanism of action.

Keywords: Antioxidants, minerals, carotenoids, vitamins, polyphenols, therapeutic industry.

Title: Antioxidants Types

Author: JWAD J.  A. ALKAZEMI

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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