Vol 4 Issue 3 July 2016-September 2016

Abstract: The paper deals with the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), spawning season and spawning periodicity of fish Puntius sophore from Jammu water bodies. The GSI showed single highest peak of 14.06±1.59 during the month of July thereby indicating that greater percentage of fish were maturing during this period. Its gradual fall during August and sudden drop during the month of September (0.9±0.59) clearly suggested the onset of spawning activity in this fish. Its gradual fall during August and sudden drop during the month of September (0.9±0.59) clearly suggested the onset of spawning activity in this fish. A fall in GSI value from its maximum, reduction in the size of gonads (flaccid appearance) and occurrence of spent fish characterized by the presence of corpus luteum and prevalence of atretic oocytes, few oogonia and stage I oocytes act as indicator of spawning. On the basis of these parameters, Puntius sophore appear to be monsoon spawner i,e spawn from July to August that may sometime even extend upto early September. Besides GSI, highest percentage of ripe eggs during July to August and decline in September, presence of corpora lutea during August and September very aptly suggest July to September to be the definite breeding period of fish Puntius sophore. While investigating the spawning periodicity in fish, Puntius sophore is an asynchronous spawner and spawn once in a year and have a slightly long period of spawning extending from July to mid-September. Keywords: Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), Jammu water bodies. Title: Gonadosomatic index, Spawning season and spawning periodicity in fish Puntius sophore Author: Krishan Raj Kant, Seema Langer, Chanchal Angral, Jyoti Sharma International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print) ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The Present study is an attempt to determine the nature of nervous control of the colour change mechanism in the fresh water teleost ophiocephalus gachua the effect of pharmacological agents on the melanophores of fresh water teleost ophiocephores gachua. A Pharmacological study has been made on the melanophores of the teleost fish ophioclphone gachua. The findings of study indicates that there is not to be a cholinergic pigment dispersing mechanism in this species it also indicates that the melanophore of this species are under adrenergic control and that alpha adrenorecepters are involved in pigment concentration. Keywords: Melanophore, Colour change, Adrenergic. Title: Studies on the Effect of Pharmacological Agents on the Melanophores of Fresh Water Teleost Ophiocephalus Gachua (Ham) Author: Adarsh (Shukla) Dixit International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A dipstick urinalysis screening was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of some analytes among pregnant women who presented with asymptomatic bacteriuria and to set up a more effective screening program for them. Four hundred and thirty eight (438) urine samples from pregnant women were collected from attendees of a tertiary hospital in Makurdi, the Benue State capital of Central Nigeria between September 2014 and April of 2015.The urine samples were screened for the presence of ten (10) analytes indicated on the urianalysis dipstick. Different bacteria species using standard cultural and biochemical procedures showed a total of 277 (63.2%) having levels of bacteria indicative of asymptomatic bacteriuria comprising of Escherichia coli 87 (31.4%), Staphylococcus spp 60 (21.7%), Proteus spp 34(12.3%), Klebsiellaspp 31 (11.2%), Pseudomonas spp 28 (10.1%), Enterobacter spp 22 (7.9%), Streptococcus spp 10 (3.6%), Corynebacteria spp 3(1.1%) and Serratia spp 2(0.7%). From the urinalysis dipstick a total of 48(10.9%) of the pregnant women tested positive to any one of the ten chemical analytes studied. Fifteen, 15(31.3%) of the subjects had glycosuria, ketone was detected in 10(20.8%) and leukocytes in 5(10.4%) while those having urobilinogen and haematuria both recorded 2(4.2%). The findings affirm the fact that asymptomatic pregnant women harbor bacteria in their urinary tract which could predispose them to pyelonephritis relating to negative outcomes for both mother and child. Keywords: Dipstick, Asymptomatic, Bacteriuria, analytes, Central Nigeria. Title: DIPSTICK URINE ANALYSIS SCREENING AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN MAKURDI, CENTRAL NIGERIA Author: Aernan, P.T International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to use the transmission electron microscope to characterize the cell death of pyramidal cells from the CA1 subfield of hippocampus after 15 minutes received thermal stress in stress-experienced Sprague Dawley rats. Findings - the rats exposed to acute heat at 42 ºC, the nucleus membrane was destroyed and indeed some of the intracellular went out. In conclusion, acute thermal stress really caused injuries into neurons of the CA1 subfield of hippocampus. Repeated forced swimming stress early in life had enough influence to manipulate heat transmission. Therefore, less alteration are presented by the thermal stress in the experience stressed rat. Keywords: CA1, pyramidal cell, cell death, thermal stress, and experience stressed rat. Title: Ultrastructural Changes of CA1 Subfield of Hippocampus of Experience Stressed Rat after Acute Heat Stress Author: Che Norma MT, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat B, Zalina I International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important oil crops of Ethiopia and it is considered as the main food crop and the least expensive source of oil for the farmers in many highlands of the country. A study on adaptation of recently released linseed varieties were carried out at Dabat district with the objective of testing the adaptability and creating awareness among farmers. Seven improved varieties with one local variety were evaluated for their agronomic and yield performance on University of Gondar Research site in participatory approach for two consecutive years in 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping season. Highly significant differences (p< 0.01) were observed among the varieties for the tested parameters except 1000 seed weight. On the other hand there is no significant difference (p> 0.01) between the two cropping seasons (2014/15 and 2015/16 ) for all parameters except 1000 seed weight in which 2014/2015 cropping season is best for 100 SW. While, year*variety analysis showed that there is no interaction effect between year and varieties on agronomic and yield performance of linseed which indicates all the tested varieties showed stability across years on their agronomic and yield performance. Berene, Belay-96 Jeldu, Geregera, Kassa-2, Kulumsa, Tolle and Local gave grain yield of 1107.23, 1067.23, 1054.43, 1043.33, 1029.45, 994.72, 928.05 and 835.83 kg h-1, respectively. The highest mean grain yield is recorded from variety Berene (1107.23 kg h-1). Therefore, based on yield and other agronomic performance and farmers’ evaluation Berene was selected as well adapted variety and for future promotion. Keywords: Adaptation, linseed, variety, year. Title: Evaluation of Improved Varieties of Linseed in Dabat District, Northwest highland of Ethiopia Author: Tesfaye Wossen, Workie Anley, Fekadu Habtie International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Water is essential for human health and well-being; there can be no life on Earth without water. Specifically in Iran country, freshwater availability is too scarce and it is necessary to provide clean drinking water to all citizens. In the Karaj city drinking water is one the main issues and challenges of the government. In Karaj Number 1 water treatment plant, water treatment process is chemical, physical and microbial during which turbidity and microbial load of raw water is reduced to the desired standard level and also modification and reduction of some chemical composition are done. Water treatment process at this treatment plant includes the following steps: Screening, Production and chemical injection of coagulant as lime and ferric chloride, Primary sedimentation, Flocculation, coagulation and sedimentation at clarifier unit of Pulsator type, Filtration with Rapid gravity sand filter, Final chlorination if needed, Storage and transferring water .This study talks about the overview of Filtration systems in water treatment plant No.1 (Hesar branch) Karaj city-Iran. Keywords: drinking water, Filtration, Rapid sand filter, Karaj city-Iran. Title: Overview of Filtration in Water Treatment Plant No.1 (Hesar Branch), Karaj City-Iran Author: Hanieh Farzaneh, Dr. S. Mokshapathy International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The aim of modeling is to represent, manipulate and communicate real-world objects of daily life and that somehow allows the simulation of complex processes, generate hypotheses and suggest experiments. Many of the systems areas in biology, health, medicine, humanities and engineering are unwieldy with traditional analytical and mathematical methods, so in early 1990 it started to propose the concept of soft-computing or computational intelligence to refer to computational techniques and algorithms that exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth. One such case is represented by fuzzy logic, a powerful tool for managing complex problems in a position where you have incomplete or not very accurate information. A review of the potential of fuzzy logic as a tool for mathematical modeling in life sciences is presented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic, mathematical modelling, Life sciences, biological systems. Title: Fuzzy logic as a Tool for Mathematical Modeling in Life Sciences Author: Jose Arturo Molina Mora International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Ten brands of hair cosmetics were randomly purchased from shops Zaria metropolis, Kaduna state in Nigeria, and were subjected to microbiological assessment for microbial quality and preservative capacity. The culture media used were Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB) and Nutrient Agar (NA). These media were used for Sensitivity Test, determination of MIC and MBC respectively. The MIC of the creams was determined using the tube dilution method. Serial dilution of the creams was carried out in a well labeled test tubes using Mueller-Hinton broth as diluents. The isolates used in this study are Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonad aeruginosa, as they are of major concern to the Standard Organization of Nigeria in terms of the microbial assessment of hair creams. Results for the sensitivity test showed that all hair creams under study possessed preservative capacity with DAM having the highest anti-microbial efficacy. All the cosmetics displayed adequate preservative capacity evidenced by ability to lower the inherent bio-burden to acceptable levels and to inhibit growth of the tested microorganisms, with DAM having the best anti-microbial activity. The tested cosmetics cannot have detrimental effect on health status of consumers as consequence of their unaltered stability profiles. Therefore, microbiological quality of cosmetics available in other parts of Nigerian market should be assessed and evaluated for consumer’s safety. Keywords: Preservative capacity, cosmetics, microbial quality, anti-microbial quality, microorganisms. Title: Microbiological quality and preservative capacity of commonly available cosmetics in Zaria metropolis Nigeria Author: Omali I.C Paul, Stephen Eyije Abechi, Casimir Emmanuel Gimba, Odenigbo C. Clifford International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The amounts of silicon, arsenic, tellurium and germanium in the flesh of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherondon melanotheron found in Bodo River were studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The amount of tellurium found in the two fish species ranged between 7.7-12.4mg/kg, silicon 1,485-1,570mg/kg, arsenic 1.8-2.1mg/kg and germanium less than 0.5mg/kg. The results show that the consumption of Tilapia guineensis or Sarotherodon melanotheron from Bodo River is not likely to lead to tellurium toxicity. On the otherhand, silicon toxicity is possible through the consumption of any of both fish species. Arsenic remains a serious problem since there is no safe limit. Since germanium naturally present in food does not appear to cause harm but its compounds are do further analysis of the compounds of germanium present in these fish species need to be investigated. Keywords: Metalloid, silicon, arsenic, tellurium, germanium Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron, Bodo River. Title: Assessment of Metalloids in Tilapia Guineensis and Sarotherodon Melanotheron Found in Bodo River Author: Owhonda, N. Kingsley International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at KVK, Srinagar during Kharif seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the “Combined effect of organic and inorganic sources on growth and yield of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) in temperate Kashmir”. The experiment was laid out with 18 treatment combinations viz., three levels of each of recommended doses of inorganic fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% RD) and organic manures (control, FYM 10 t ha-1 and Dalweed 10 t ha-1) and two levels of biofertilizers (control and dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB) in randomised complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that grain and straw yield increased significantly with increase in the recommended inorganic levels. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 showed significantly superior results over other organic treatments. Dual inoculation with Rhizobium and PSB showed significantly superior results over no inoculation. Yield attributing characters viz. 100-seed weight and number of nodules showed significant increase with increasing levels of recommended inorganic fertilizers. Application of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizer level showed highest 100-seed weight over other levels. Among organics, FYM (10 t ha-1) was found superior over Dalweed (10 t ha-1) for yield attributes. Oil and lysine content was found superior with application of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers over other levels, Protein content increased with increasing levels of recommended inorganic fertilizers. Among organics FYM (10 t ha-1) yielded significantly superior results for seed quality than dalweed (10 t ha-1). Keywords: Soybean; Organic and inorganic nutrients; Yield and Quality. Title: Combined Effect Of Organic And Inorganic Sources On Growth And Yield Of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merill) In Temperate Kashmir Author: Aziz M. A., Narinder Panotra, Tahir Ali, S. Sheraz Madhi International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The litter decomposition depends on the nature of the interactions between substrate degraded, fauna decomposition, microflora mineralizer and climate. Therefore an evaluation of Chad - Cameroon pipeline disturbance on the litter decomposition has been launched, taken a litter of Milicia excelsa as model. The studies were conducted in localities subjected to Chad-Cameroon pipeline disturbance respectively at Mbikiliki, Mbong Sol and Meidougou. The experimental design at each site, consisted of two blocks of 10 x 2 m with one located in the area affected by the work of the pipeline and the other at 32 m in the controlled area. Whole leaves were placed in the "litter bags", small bags of nylon mesh size of 0.5 and 2mm respectively. The result showed that among the macrofauna, termites were the most abundant. However, the rate of litter decomposition was mainly dependent on its chemical characteristics and the dimensions of the mesh size than the disturbance and the ecosystem variability. In addition in the three ecosystems, C/N ratio was slightly lower in disrupted area than in the controlled one. Keywords: litter, disturbance, chad-Cameroon pipeline, termites. Title: IMPACT OF CHAD-CAMEROON PIPELINE IN LITTER DECOMPOSITION Author: Pierre Dieudonné Akama, Guy Josens International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Honeybees from Kenya were evaluated for foraging and stinging behaviours at the colony level. Stability for plenty of honey and/or pollen reserves was established for each colony to prevent bees from absconding. Microsatellite markers were selected by mapping them to honeybees QTLs for stinging and foraging behaviour. Six QTLs namely sting-1, sting-2, sting-3, for stinging response and pln-1, pln-2 and pln-3, for foraging behaviour were considered. Association studies showed that on average colonies stored more nectar (69%) than pollen (31%). The χ2 correlation coefficient between sting and pln (0.184458) showed they are positively correlated suggesting that defensive colonies forage for nectar more than the less defensive ones. Candidate gene search identified three genes each associated with foraging (GB46589, GB44258, GB44259) and stinging behaviour (GB48999, GB49000, GB55730). QTLs gene identification amongst African honeybee races is crucial for harnessing their economic important traits for breeding, conservation and productivity efforts. Keywords: Microsatellite, Apis mellifera, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), Aggressiveness, Foraging. Title: Identification of Genes Associated With Foraging and Stinging Behaviours in Feral Honeybee (Apis Mellifera) Races in Kenya Author: Harrison G. Kibogo, Anne W.T. Muigai, Nelly Ndung’u, Joseph K. Ng’ang’a International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The investigation of vegetative growth of polluted samples of Barbula indica (hook.) Spreng were carried out along road 2, near the computer building along staff quarters on unplastered wall where exhaust fumes from vehicles is rampant and the unpolluted samples were collected in Biological Garden of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. This was with a view to comparing polluted and unpolluted samples in order to monitor their vegetative growth. The results from this study showed that B. indica have number of shoots and average number of leaves increased steadily for unpolluted samples in contrast to the polluted ones which decreased throughout the experimental periods. The average heights for both samples (polluted and unpolluted) investigated during the experimental period seldom exceeded 1.0 cm. There were significant differences at (p≤0.05) for the average number of leaves, heights and shoots with the unpolluted samples significantly higher than polluted samples of B. indica. It can be concluded that more shoots emerged from the base of plant and that pollution affected the vegetative growth of the plant. Keywords: vegetative growth, innovations, polluted, unpolluted, moisture. Title: Comparative Studies of Vegetative Growth of Barbula indica, From Polluted and Unpolluted Sites at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Author: Tolulope Victor BORISADE, Amos Morakinyo MAKINDE International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study was conducted for 42days to evaluate the potency of wet testes of bull (Bos. indicus), boar (Sus. domesticus), bull/mud catfish testes (B. indicus / C. gariepinus) and pawpaw seed powder (Carica papaya) on sex reversal of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fry in indoor experimental ponds. The estimates of their efficacy in producing phenotypic males were determined after 4months. A total of 825 fry were randomly allocated to 15 experimental ponds. Phyisco-chemical parameters like temperature, dissolve oxygen, PH were checked weekly while ammonia was checked bi- weekly. The hormonal diets were formulated by adding 17α- methyl-testosterone (MT ) T1 , wet testes from bull (T2), boar (T3), bull/catfish testes (T4) and pawpaw seed powder, PSP( T5) at an inclusion of 0.06g, 17.47g, 25.59g, 20.48g (80:20% ratio), and 20g per kg of feed respectively . The fry were fed at 20% body weight during a 42day feeding trial and a gradual reduction of feed from 10% to 5% during the 4months rearing period. . The results of water parameters showed that there were significant differences among all treatments. The results were within the recommended range for fish rearing. Results from the gonad examination revealed that Nile tilapia fry fed with MT-treated (T1) diet gave the highest percent phenotypic males of 100% while T2, T3, T4 and T5 gave male of 80, 86.7, 83.3% and 73% respectively. The use of wet animal testes and pawpaw seed powder can be a natural alternative which is cheap and readily available and also be of great relevance to organic tilapia production. Production of all male will help to reducing prolific breeding in Nile tilapia, consequently leading to an increase in the sizes of the fish which is excellent for market value. Keywords: Sex reversal, Oreochromis niloticus, wet testes, 17α- methyl-testosterone. Title: Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Using 17α-Methyl-Testosterone, Wet Testes from Selected Animals and Plant Extract Author: 0R0SE, EKINADOSE; WOKOMA, ALELEYE; WOKE,GODFREY NGOZI International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A series of 1-(4-isobutylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propenone compounds are synthesized from 4-isobutyl acetophenone with various substituted benzaldehydes by crossed aldol condensation. The synthesized compounds are characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. Antibacterial and anti fungal activities of synthesized 1-(4-isobutylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propenone compounds are measured by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains used are gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, M.luteus and S.aureus gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, P.aeruginosa and k.pneumonia and anti-fungal studies with Aspergillus niger, Tricoderma viride and Mucor species. Keywords: Crossed-Aldol condensation; Thionyl chloride /Ethanol; 1-(4-isobutylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propenone compounds; Substituent effects; Antimicrobial activities. Title: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE-PARAMETER CORRELATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVOLUATION OF 1-(4-ISOBUTYLPHENYL) -3-PHENYL-2-PROPENONE COMPOUNDS Author: C.Balamurugan, D.Kamalakkannan, R.Suresh, S.P.Sakthinathan, G.Vanangamudi, G.Thirunarayananb International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals