Vol 5 Issue 3 July 2017-September 2017

Abstract: This paper aims to explore distribution pattern of Archychlamydae and Sympetalae flora used for different purposes and conservation aspect. We compiled information on 61 species of Archychlamydae and 34 species of Sympetalae. Among the archichlamydae, the dominant families are Leguminosae, Utricaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae and Rosaceae. Among Sympetalae, the dominant families are Labiate and Compositae. The most common species are Castanopsis indica, Castanopsis tribuloids, Girardiana diversifolia, Listea monopetala, Cinnamonum tamala, Berberis aristata, Schima wallichi, Rubus elipticus, Pyrus pashia, Bauhinia vahlii, Phyllanthus emblica, Zanthoxylum armatum, Xylosma controversum, Diospyros malabarica, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Semecarpus anacardium. Out of 95 species more than 25 species are of medicinal value of which Valeriana jatamansi, Cinnamomum tamala are threatened due to trade, habitat degradation and over use.

Keywords: Archichlamydae, Sympetalae, Arghakhanchi, Medicinal value, species use.

Title: Archichlamydae and Sympetalae Flora of Arghakhanchi District, Western Nepal

Author: Niroj Paudel, Lila Pati Paudel, Umesh Ghimire, Bishnu Dev Das

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The heavy metal pollutants well known to be highly toxic to both human and animals, are widely distributed due to its use in various industries. One of them and caused highly effects is Lead which naturally occurring elements. The salts of them are soluble and forming aqueous solutions, cannot be separated by usually physical means of separation. Lead intervenes with a diversity of most of body processes and is toxic to many tissues, exposure for long time to a sub lethal dose associated with oxidative stress, damage of DNA and revealed to be a risk factor for kidney, liver. Cadmium affects cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular activities. The exposure lead to renal dysfunction, hepatic damage, anemia, and hypertension. Cadmium may made oxidative damage in different tissues. In this study were carried out on investigate the most toxic effects of lead, cadmium, and zinc with trial to estimate this toxicity, on the biochemical blood parameters and function of liver and kidney on heavy metals-unprotected animals. Oral administration of their salts, we found Lead and Cadmium had significantly decreased RBC count, WBC, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, MCHC, Total protein, albumin, and A/G ratio. In contrast, MCV, MCH, urea, creatinine, MDA, SOD, AST, and ALT were significantly increased. At kidneys and liver, the observed alterations could be a compensatory reaction to unlike heavy metals accretion in the organs. Moreover, the probable individual mechanisms in ROS eradication. In conclusion lead induces oxidative stress in various tissues.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Rats, Biochemical, Kidney, liver.

Title: DISTURBED HOMEOSTASIS OF CERTAIN HEAVY METALS ON EXPOSED MALE ALBINO RATS

Author: Nabil A. Soliman, Ibrahim M. Elshorbagy, Mohamed B. El-Nile, Shimaa S. El-Malah, Ahmed K. El-Sayed, Mona M. Elsherbiny

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Agriculture sustains the livelihoods of about 80% of Rwandans. Large improvements in the productivity of staple crops have been taken into consideration in Rwanda. Biofortified bean varieties as improved bean varieties have been disseminated and marketed in Rwanda since 21012 by RAB in partnership with Harvest Plus through different channels and systems like seed back, agro-dealers, direct marketing, ... Those beans have high content of Iron and proteins thus they have high price on Rwandan market. As improved varieties, their growers can realize high yield more than 2 Mt Ha-1. However in general perspective the average bean yields in the country have been disappointing, the survey results of 2013 of NISR indicate 731 Kg ha-1 for bush bean but as pertains to biofertified beans so far no study done to indicate wheather these adopted biofortified bean varities have increased yield per ha. But the major challenge behind this has been the adoption of the biofertified beans by small holder farmers.This is why the study is initiated with the objective to investigate factors influencing farmers to the adoption of biofortified beans. The method used is stratified survey with 197 respondents selected by multi stage random sampling and cluster sampling. Thereafter qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection have been used to gather the data. Data have been analyzed using Probit model and descriptive analysis have been used to analyze data from the field. The results showed that, farmers’ group membership and bean farm size cultivated influenced adoption of biofortified beans. Farmers’ membership has negative influence on biofortified beans adoption while total bean areas cultivated showed positive influence on biofortified bean adoption with P<0.001 at 5% significant level. The research recommends policy makers to put more emphasis in land consolidation policy as the major driver to increase the adoption of biofortified beans.

Keywords: Biofortified bean varieties, Adoption, Probit model.

Title: Determinants of Biofortified Beans Adoption in Nyagatare District, Eastern Province of Rwanda

Author: A. Nsengiyumva, P. Mbabazi, M. Kavoi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Investigation of plants for phytochemicals and antibacterial effects is essential for discovery of prospective novel complexes for therapeutic use. In the present assay the seed extracts of Annona squamosa were screened for phytochemicals present and antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhi (ATCC 1408), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC700603) and Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022). Extraction of the active components was done by the use of organic solvents; methanol, dichloromethane and methanol: dichloromethane blend in soxhlet extractor and concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Phytochemical analysis was done through standard qualitative screening procedures. The antibacterial activities were evaluated through the paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the occurrence of fixed oils, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, steroids and terpenoids which are indicated in antibacterial activity. The methanolic extract was the most efficacious in terms of inhibitory activities, exhibiting a MIC range of 15-31.17mg/ml followed by Methanol: dichloromethane with a MIC range of 16.4-56.57mg/ml while dichloromethane displayed the least bacterial inhibitory activity with a MIC range of 47.50-61.83mg/ml. The antibacterial data obtained was assayed against that of the Ciprofloxacin (reference). Ciprofloxacin activity was significantly higher than all the extracts (p<0.05), though some concentrations exhibited equal activities (p>0.05). The extracts have shown antibacterial effects at their MIC against the microorganisms in the study indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.

Keywords: Annona squamosa, Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Paper disc diffusion method, methanol, dichloromethane extract, enterobacteria.

Title: Screening of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Seed Extracts of Kenyan Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa)

Author: Stephen K. Mwihia, Mathew P. Ngugi, John M. Maingi, James k. Kamau, Anne W. Muhuha

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Production processes of cement lead to production of dust in which workers hitherto inhale the dust which found to be inimical to their health. This study evaluates hepatic and renal function indices of about 60 volunteers workers of Obajana cement factory. Collection and test techniques were straight forward and sufficient volume of blood for complete profile was readily available from most individual volunteers. Our data in the result tables document the similarity between exposed workers in different unit/sections: crusher worker CW, kiln workers KW, milling worker MW, bagging workers, BW, and Loading workers, LW and unexposed (control) workers of Obajana Cement Factory with several important distinctions. However, all the human blood used with Ethical permit in this work as unexposed and exposed are from healthy, non-hydrated and were in good body condition. The results indicate elevation in Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phospatase (ALP), creatinine (CREA), urea (UREA) and slight increase in sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3-) in exposed as compared to unexposed workers The study further showed significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, CREA, Na+, K+ and HCO3- in workers exposed to dust for longer period of exposure. This results indicate advance effect of cement dust on human health if is not check and proper control.

Keywords: Exposed, unexposed, carcinogenesis, liver function, cement dust, factory workers.

Title: The Toxicological Effect of Cement Dust on Hepatic and Renal Functions of Cement Factory Workers

Author: Emmanuel, T.Friday., Okaka, A.N.C., Ibiam, Udu.A., Sanni Momoh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Parasite’s ability to manifest host’s physiological mechanisms is evident due to manipulated behavior observed via specific alterations. These alterations are achieved through various specific mechanisms which can be traced back to epigenetic modifications caused by parasitic manipulation. Some parasites show rhythmicity as their mechanism for manipulating behavior of their hosts, and this rhythmicity is attuned to their hosts. Therefore, parasites’ ability to synchronize circadian rhythms with their hosts’ physiology to cause alterations at genomic levels could in turn be caused by specific gene expression which may result in behavioral manipulation of the host.

Keywords: Circadian Rhythms; Parasitism; Host Manipulation; Biological Rhythms.

Title: Circadian Rhythms and Host Behavioral Manipulation: Alterations to Host Physiology and Resulting Behavioral Changes

Author: Daisy Patel

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the third most important cereal crop in Kenya. Globally, rice remains the most favoured grain for human consumption. In Kenya and most of the African countries production is below the world averages.  Rice Blast caused by Pyricularia. oryzae  Cav. has been singled out as one of the main causes limiting production. The control of this disease has remained elusive. Variation of the pathogen in the population is suspect. This research was therefore carried out to analyze the genotypes of different isolates previously described morphologically. Eight Different Kenyan isolates identified from a previous survey were studied using DNA analysis and sequencing of the ITS region from the rice genome. Results revealed variation with respect to colony color, diameter, morphology and conidia shape & size. Sequenced Isolates  clustered into four haplo groups (HGs), that is HG1 for isolate 4, HG2 for isolate 6, HG3 for isolate 7a and HG4 for isolate 7b.The new isolates’ sequences were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database and the accession numbers assigned as, Pyricularia oryzae KY275366, Pyricularia oryzae KY275367 and Pyricularia oryzae KY275368. The result of the present study demonstrates that there is a certain level of genetic diversity among isolates of P. oryzae from various regions of Kenya. The screening for resistance to P. oryzae therefore should take into account the different isolates in order to avoid cryptic error.

Keywords: Rice Blast, Pyricularia oryzae CAV. DNA sequencing Variation.

Title: Rice Blast Pyricularia oryzae CAV. Isolates in Kenya Characterized Sequenced and Registered

Author: Kariaga Mary Goretti, Wakhungu Jacob, Were, Hassan, Muoma David, Onamu Rose, Wekesa Clabe

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: This essay intends to improve readers understanding of the requirements for health of the budgerigar, due to the increasingly concerning issue of the species’ average lifespan. Despite the fact that most budgerigars can be expected to live up to 10-12 years in captivity, the majority of cases see these birds only surviving between 5-10 years. In Germany especially, over half of those kept in captivity are reported not to be reaching even 5 years of age before poor health takes over, and these health issues stem from inadequate knowledge of required conditions and nutrition. It is  hoped that the collation and detailed explanation of research information covering all required aspects of budgerigar care will ensure keepers of this species are better informed on their animals’ needs, and ultimately reduce the rate of premature and unnecessary deaths.

Keywords: Budgerigar, Handling, Husbandry and Clinical Conditions.

Title: Handling, Husbandry and Clinical Conditions of the Budgerigar

Author: Elise Robertson

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The combination of green tea with red ginger powder has many health benefits. Objective: 1) Knowing some of the quality of green tea due to the addition of red ginger powder, 2) To know the appropriate red powder formulation of green tea dye. Methodology: The design which is used in this research is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with F test and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) advanced test at 5% real level. Microbiology properties: total plate number and organoleptic test. Result: The addition of red ginger powder does affect microbial growth. The most favorable organoleptic taste analysis result of panelist is found in F treatment with percentage value 20%. The result of organoleptic analysis for the most favored aroma is panelist treatment D with percentage value 40%. The result of organoleptic analysis shows the most preferred color of panelist is F treatment with percentage value 41.11%. Conclusion: The addition of red ginger powder effect on the quality of green tea of organoleptic test most favored panelists and microbial content already meet the SNI. The addition formulation of the right red ginger powder is on the treatment of F (the addition of red ginger powder 5%).

Keywords: quality, red ginger, green tea, TPC, organoleptic.

Title: Study about Some Quality of Green Tea Ground with Addition of Red Ginger Powder (Zingiber Officinale Rosc)

Author: I Ketut Budaraga, Winda, Dewirman Prima Putra

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Somatostatin (SST) is a peptide which biological effects are due to the interaction with five receptor subtypes (somatostatin1-5) which can be blocked by the antagonists, such as cyclo-somatostatin (cSSTA). The assay for ATPases was performed in synaptosomal membranes of rat cerebral cortex, basal Na+, K+ -ATPase activity was 18.0 ± 5.3 µmol Pi x mg. prot-1x h-1, there was not any changes by the presence of 10-9-10-6M SST, but SST 10-5M produced a significant increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Besides Mg2+- ATPase activity was not modified by all SST concentrations employed. SST effects on ATPase activity was completely blocked by the previous addition of cSSTA, a somatostatin receptor antagonist, which is suggested that SST receptors could be involved in these effects.

Na+, K+ -ATPase activity was also studied in membranes isolated from adult rats which were administered with vehicle (saline) or L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. When L-NAME was administered to rats during the postnatal period, it was observed an increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the presence of 10-6 M SST to membranes prepared in the adulthood of those animals.

L-NAME was also administered to adult rats with the intention to prepare cortical membranes for [3H]-ouabain binding assay. The results showed a significant increase in [3H]-ouabain binding to membranes from L-NAME administered rats in the absence or presence of SST 10-6M. In conclusion the SST produced changes in ATPase activity according to the moment in which the L-Name had been administered to experimental animals.

Keywords: Nitric oxide, L-NAME; somatostatin; ATPase activity; high affinity [3H]-ouabain.

Title: Somatostatin Modifies L-NAME Effects on ATPase Activity

Author: María G. López Ordieres, PH. D., Alma Kemmling, Andrea Induni, María G. Bersier PH. D

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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