Vol 2 Issue 4 October 2014-December 2014

Abstract: The precancerous nature of OSMF and Leukoplakia have been very well established, malignant transformation rates have been reported in both these cases. Tobacco consummation is the most important oral cavity cancer risk factors. Burst of (ROS) have been implicated in the development of oral carcinoma in tobacco and betel quid chewers (1). Epidemiological studies support the protective role of diet rich in antioxidants which could alleviate oxidative stress to some extent. In view of this a preliminary evaluation of chemoprevention with antioxidant supplementation was designed to study the protective effect with clinical response.

Twenty five patients each of OSMF and Leukoplakia were evaluated to study the beneficial role of antioxidant supplementation. Blood samples were collected from patients (Leukoplakia & OSMF) , enrolled in Oral Radiology department of Nair college & Hospital. The patients were clinically examined by measuring mouth opening and tongue protrusion in case of OSMF patients and the size of lesion was measured in case of Leukoplakia patients pre and post antioxidant therapy. Blood samples were collected and level of antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px, non-enzymatic antioxidant β-caroteen and α-tocopherol were determined, plasma levels of TBARS expressed as MDA was determined to find the extent of lipid per oxidation and plasma level of whole blood was used for estimation of Hb.

Enzyme activity was represented as mean± SD and the data was analyzed statistically. Student –t test was applied to study the comparison of pretreatment and post treatment therapy. Clinical improvements seen in both the precancerous groups were significant though biochemical parameters such as GSHP-X enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidant such as β- carotene and α-tocopherol and MDA showed marginal improvement.

Long term supplementation of antioxidant vitamins to the patients is necessary to validate the use of such therapy in precancerous condition and prevent malignant conversion.

Keywords: OSMF – Oral Sub mucous fibrosis, ACD- Acid Citrate, ROS-Reactive Oxygen Species.

Title: Evaluation of Antioxidant Supplementation in the Management of Oral Sub mucous Fibrosis and Leukoplakia Patients

Author: Dr. Sarita Basu, Dr. V. Naga Guhan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Wistar rats are an outbred strain of albino rats belonging to the species Rattus norvegicus. Histopathological study of the testis was carried out to determine the effects of heat and lead on male fertility by evaluating some andrological parameters of the wistar rat such as mophology of spermatozoa, sperm count and motility. The main objective of this research is to compare the deleterious effect of lead and heat on the male reproductive system of a wistar rat.

Fifteen adult male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups; group A were the control group; group B were kept in hot environment above 42 degrees Celsius and group C are administered 0.18mls of lead acetate solution per grams body weight once daily for 14 days.

The gonadotoxins caused morphological alterations of sperm cells in this study; including head, tail and middle defects which are indications of interference with maturation stage of spermatogenesis in the somniferous tubules. The deleterious effect of the gonadotoxins on the somniferous tubules is corroborated by histopathology which revealed degeneration of epithelium of the somniferous tubules. The degree of sperm cell motility was significantly lowered in animals exposed to gonadotoxins compared to animals in the control group and also the sperm cell count was lowered (P<0.05) in the animals exposed to gonadotoxins in comparison with animals in the control group, as a result of decline in the production of normal, viable sperm cells in the test animals.

It was concluded that the gonadotoxins exert toxic effect on the somniferous tubular epithelium with concomitant reduction in the reproductive abilities of the male rats and as such exposure to heat and high level of lead should therefore be avoided both in animal and man.

Keywords: Gonadotoxins, Heat, Lead Acetate, Spermatogenesis, Somniferous Tubules.

Title: Effects of Heat and Lead on the Reproductive System of Male Wister Rat

Author: Babatunde Adebayo Kehinde, Jegede Ayoola Isaac

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Cancer is one of the most dreadful disease affecting human as well as animals. Among all, pancreatic cancer is a common malignancy worldwide; however, reports on pancreatic cancer in livestock and pet animals are less. Azaserine is a potent pancreatic-carcinogen and Wistar rats are documented to be suitable for experimental trials on pancreatic cancer. Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate haematological changes in azaserine-induced pancreatic cancer in Wistar rats.  Azaserine was administered at 5 mg/kg b.wt. intraperitoneally and haematological parameters were studied after confirmation of carcinogenesis. Reduced level of haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count (TEC) were significant alterations in haematological parameters suggestive of anemia associated with pancreatic cancer. Other haematological parameters did not reveal significant alterations. 

Keywords:  Haematological changes, Azaserine, Pancreatic cancer, Wistar Rats, Anemia.

Title: Haematological Changes in Azaserine-Induced Pancreatic Cancer in Wistar Rats

Author: Ankit S. Prajapati, S. K. Raval, Chirag M. Bhadesiya, B. P. Joshi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The results revealed that among different spray treatment of plant growth substances, the maximum height of plant at 30 days after transplanting (30.15 cm) was found significant with spray of GA₃ 50 ppm (P₃). The minimum day taken for edible maturity was also superior with GA₃ 50 ppm. Whereas the maximum number of branches (5.52) and minimum days taken for initiation of flower (48.50 day) with ethrel 100 ppm (P₇) treatment. The maximum fruit set (70.78 %) was recorded with spray of GA₃ 25 ppm (P₂). Regarding yield parameter, spray treatment of GA₃ 50 ppm (P₃) was superior with respect to average weight of fruit (96.58 gm), yield/plant (1.84 kg) and yield/ha (244.65 q/ha). Among two stages of spray, S₂ (Spray at 20 days after transplanting) was recorded the maximum girth thickness of stem at 30 days after transplanting (0.47 cm). Whereas S₁ (Spray at 20 days after sowing) was recorded initiation of first flower (49.96 day). No any beneficial effect on yield parameters.          

Keywords: Plant growth substances, Stages of spray, Sweet pepper

Title: Effect of Spray Treatment of Plant Growth Substances at Different Stages on Growth and Yield of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annum L.) CV. Indra under Green House

Author: Prajapati Vandana P, Dr. L. R. Varma

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The experiment was conducted with 40 genotypes of rice during Kharif 2013 in Randomized Block Design. The data were recorded for 13 quantitative characters to study genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient. On the basis of mean performance highest grain yield per plant reported in OM-6070 (46.93) genotype followed IR-8070-7-69-1-3-3 (44.55), IR-79228-9-2-3-1 (42.53) and IR-77186-148-3-4-3 (41.30). Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among 40 rice genotypes for all characters indicating the existence of variability. High GCV and PCV were observed for grain yield per plant and biological yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean for all the character except days to flowering, days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, number of panicle per plant and plant height. Correlation and path-coefficient analysis, concluded that, biological yield per plant and  harvest index exhibited maximum positive direct effect on grain yield seems to be primary yield contributing characters and could be relied upon for selection of genotypes to improve genetic yield potential of rice. Hence, utmost importance should be given to these characters during selection for single plant yield improvement.

Keywords:  Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, Correlation Coefficient and Path Coefficient Analysis

Title: Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Studies for Grain Yield and Other Yield Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Author: SATISH KUMAR RAI, SURESH B.G.,  P.K. RAI,  G.R. LAVANYA, RAVI KUMAR, SANDHYA

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Genetic divergence is an efficient tool for the selection of parents used in hybridization programme. In the present study, forty rice genotypes were raised at Experimental Field of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHIATS, during Kharif 2013 for identify diverse genotypes using D² analysis. The forty genotypes were grouped into seven clusters based on Torcher cluster analysis with cluster III containing the maximum of 10 genotypes followed by 9 genotypes in cluster II, 7 genotypes in cluster  I, 6 genotypes in cluster IV, 4 genotypes in cluster VI and 2 genotypes each in cluster V & VII. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and VII followed by cluster III and VII, cluster III and VI these lines may be utilized in further breeding programme for the exploitation of hybrid vigour. The intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster III followed by II and I indicate hybridization involving genotypes within the same clusters may result in good cross combinations. Among the thirteen traits studied, maximum contribution was made by number of spikelets per panicles (38.08%) followed by grain yield (23.08%) plant height (13.59%) and flag leaf length (13.21%). Therefore, these characters may be given importance during hybridization programme.

Keywords: Rice, genetic diversity, cluster.

Title: Genetic Diversity Analysis of Rice Germplasm Lines for Yield Attributing Traits

Author: Satish Kumar Rai, Ramesh Chandra, Suresh B.G., P.K. Rai, Ravi Kumar, Sandhya

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The gap between maize demand and regional supply is increasing as small-holder farmers grapple with many challenges, key among them drought. Research in identifying maize lines that are tolerant to water deficit and that are amenable to A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation is a step towards enhancing food security.  The objectives of this study were, to assess the physiological response of tropical maize inbred lines to water deficit, to determine whether A. tumefaciens elicits host resistance when in contact with zygotic embryos and determine if YEP is an effective infection medium compared to MS medium in immature zygotic embryo infection. Tropical maize lines CML 395, CML 216, CML 144, TL 21, A 04, E 04 and T 04 and Agrobacterium strain EHA101 habouring pTF102 vector containing GUS reporter gene were used. Physiological response of tropical maize genotypes to drought stress was evaluated by measuring plant height, leaf length, leaf width and fresh weight. T 04 and CML 216 seedlings exhibited the fastest growth rates of 4.33 cm and 4.28 cm respectively between the 7^th and 8^th day post leaf four emergence while TL 21 and CML 395 seedlings had the lowest rates of 2.93 cm and 3.59 cm respectively under normal growth conditions. A 04 seedlings exhibited the highest differences in fresh weight between stressed and unstressed plants [56.13 gm] while CML 216 seedlings had the lowest [24.57 gm]. Upon salt stress, leaf discs of CML 216 seedlings, exhibited low chlorophyll a: b ratios of 0.84, 0.78, 0.74, 0.75 and 0.70 in 100 mM, 125 mM, 150 mM, 175 mM and 200 mM NaCl concentrations respectively, while leaf discs of CML 144 seedlings exhibited higher chlorophyll a: b ratios of 1.51, 1.19, 1.24, 1.26, 1.45 and 1.39 under the same concentrations. The use of YEP medium in contrast to MS medium led to an improvement in transient GUS expression observed in immature embryos and significant increase in transformation frequency. The transformation protocol using YEP infection media as used in this study should be optimized and used in transformation of tropical maize inbreds.

Keywords: Transformation, A. tumefaciens, zygotic embryo, vector, water deficit, senescence, genotype, phytohormones, transgene, recalcitrant.

Title: Screening for Water Deficit Tolerance, Relative Growth Analysis and Agrobacterium-Infectivity in Tropical Maize [Zea Mays L.] Inbred Lines in Nairobi, Kenya

Author: Sande F. Olive, Dr. Fredrick M. Njoka, Dr. Allan J. Mgutu, Dr. Sylvester E. Anami

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Medicinal plants have been used for antioxidants in the traditional medicine in the treatment of several diseases in humans. Plants antioxidants are composed of broad variety of different substances like ascorbic acid polyphenols or terpenoids. They perform several important functions in plants and humans. The trees chosen for the research is the guava - Psidium guajava, bael – Aegle marmelos and Jamun- Syzygium cumini trees. Antioxidants are known to revert oxidation process. Tree bark is a major waste product from paper pulp industries hence it is worth while to determine them. Total phenolic content was expressed as gallic acid equivalent by Folin Ciocalteu reagent method. Total Flavonoids content was determined by Aluminium Chloride Colorimertric method and expressed as quercetin equivalent. Alkaloids were expressed as atropine equivalent by Bromo Cresol Green Colorimetric test. Alkaloids have been found highest of all the antioxidants with specially high in the barks of Bael- Aegle marmelos and guava- Psidium sps. The phenols were lesser and flavonoids the least. The phenols and flavonoids are still higher in the bark of guava- Psidium sps than the other tree barks.

Keywords: Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Alternative Medicines, Free Radicals Scavengers.

Title: Determination of Antioxidants in the Barks of Common Roadside Fruit Trees of NCR

Author: Sumita Bhatnagar, Fanish Kr. Pandey, Tripti Bhatnagar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Most of the agricultural lands in the tropics are highly weathered and depleted of plant nutrients, particularly phosphorus resulting in a decline in crop production. Phosphate rock can be used to correct the phosphorus levels but its effectiveness is generally low compared to water-soluble phosphate fertilisers such as single superphosphate or triple super phosphate due to its low solubility in soils. Incubation and glasshouse studies have shown that physically mixing phosphate rock and water-soluble phosphate fertiliser can significantly improve its solubility and has been attributed to phosphoric acid produced from the hydrolysis reaction in the soil of monocalcium phosphate in superphosphate dissolving the phosphate rock. However, the phosphoric acid could also be dissolving iron and manganese minerals in soil which subsequently lowers the dissolved phosphorus levels from phosphate rock by precipitation reactions, thus the need to carry out further experiments in other systems like water to investigate as to whether the increased phosphorus levels in the mixtures is due to dissolution of phosphate rock by phosphoric acid or increased phosphorus levels from increased amounts of superphosphate. Effect of combinations of a commercially available water-soluble phosphate fertiliser (single superphosphate) and gafsa phosphate rock material in the ratios of gafsa phosphate rock to superphosphate of 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1 in 25 mL and 100 mL deionized water were set up. The findings of this study were that superphosphate was found to be responsible for the increase in the extractable phosphorus concentrations. This was due to the fact that there was enhanced dissolution of gafsa phosphate rock in the mixture from the hydrolysis reaction of monocalcium phosphate by phosphoric acid and with the pH values increasing as both the extractable calcium and phosphorus decreased an indication that both metal solutions affected the dissolution through the formation of metal precipitates.

Keywords: Superphosphate, Gafsa Phosphate Rock, Dissolution, water.

Title: Effect of Combinations of Phosphate Rock and Superphosphate on Dissolution of Phosphate Rock in Water

 Author: J.O. Owiti, C.K Chepkwony, T.K. Kinyanjui

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: One of the most important mission and vision for University of Dammam is to send skilled physicians to deal and treat the patients in professional manner, which cannot be without perfect evaluation of the knowledge and clinical skills of the undergraduates. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was introduced to increase the reliability and validity of the exams.

A pilot study was conducted over one semester. A total of 299 examinees (4^th year = 207 and 5^th year = 92) took the OSCE and written exams in three groups. The OSCE consisted of 18–20 clinical stations, which included taking histories, physical examinations, communication skills, and data interpretation. The written exam contained 80 multiple-choice questions.

Cronbach's alphas by group were 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 (4^th year) and 0.62, 0.79, and 0.85 (5^th year). Correlations for all stations ranged from 0.6 to 0.8, which indicated good stability and internal consistency. The reliability of the written exam was 0.79 (4^th year) and 0.85 (5^th year).The validity of the OSCE was assessed by Pearson's correlations, which were 0.63 (4^th year), 0.6 (5^th year), and 0.66 (overall).

The OSCE is a perfect tool for undergraduate’s assessment because of better reliability and validity, which can be measured.

Keywords:  OSCE, assessment, clinical skills, Cronbach’s alpha, reliability, validity, Pearson's correlation.

Title: Correlations between the Objective Structured Clinical Examination Score and Written Examinations in Undergraduates

Author: Aisha M. Al-osail, Emad M. Al-osail, Mohannad A. Al-ghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Al-hawas, Abdullah S. Al-bahussain, Ahmed A. Aldajani

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).Ebola virus disease is originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak. But for people living in countries outside Africa, it continues to be a very low threat. The current outbreak of the Ebola virus mainly affects three countries in West Africa: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Around 14,413 cases and 5,177 deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization. This is the largest known outbreak of Ebola.

Keywords: Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, primates.

Title: Ebola: A Hazardous Disease

Author: Surendra Sharma

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Abstract: This experiment was carried out in Striga-sick plots, in two locations under rain fed condition at the Demonstration farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Science, Gedarif University, in Northern region of the Gedarif and under irrigation at Gezira Agricultural Research Station Farm, to evaluate the activity and selectivity of post-emergence application of three chlorsulfuron formulations (Boudakiller 75 WG, Slean 75WG, Mickleen 75 WDG and Glean 75DF), each at 1g a.i./fed, on Striga control and sorghum yield. The tested herbicides gave an excellent control to the Striga (more than 90%) under both irrigation and rainfed conditions. Directed spraying of the tested products showed no visible phytotoxicity symptoms on sorghum plants. All chlorsulfuron formulation significantly reduced Striga infestation and improved sorghum growth and yield under both irrigation and rainfed conditions.

Keywords:  Striga, Hemi-Parasite, Chlorsulfuron, Tubercle, Residue, Counterpart

Title: Effects of Some Formulations of Chlorsulfuron, On Striga Control and Sorghum Yield

Author: Ayman Abdel Maged Awad, Dafalla Ahmed Dawoud, Hassan Abdelgadir, Rawda Y. ElHabieb, Lubna E. Khidir

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on three verities Varuna, Rohini and Vardan which were selected to carry out during the Ravi crop season 2004-2005 at mustard crop field and the insectary of department of the D.V. (P.G.) College Orai. The investigation on ecological studies of mustard aphid to study its economics injury and threshold level for making judicious and timely use of plant protection technology. The study will provide an opportunity to fact the pest challenge by manipulating the manageable ecological parameter in the farm of planting or harvesting time adjustment, varietals selection and economic injury level and economic threshold of aphid on variety Varuna, Rohini and Vardan.

Title: Economic Injury and Threshold Level of Lipaphis Erysimi (Kalt.)

Author: A. K. Saunakiya, N. Tiwari

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

 Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This experiment was conducted, during two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, at Gedarif Agricultural Research Station Farm under rainfed conditions, to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of post-emergence application of Focus Ultra 100 EC (Cyclocxydim), for grassy weeds control in sesame.  The tested herbicide gave excellent control (more than 90%) of grassy weeds, and poor control of broadleaved weeds.  Unrestricted weed growth reduced sesame grain yield by up to 75%. Focus ultra at rate of 1, 25 L/fed product, with one supplementary handweeding to the treated plots improved weeds control and increase sesame yield.

Keywords:  Weeds, Cycloxdim, Unweeded, Broadleaved, Handweeding.

Title: Effects of Focus Ultra 100 EC (Cycloxydim), on control of grasses in sesame fields

Author: Ayman Abdel Maged Awad, Dafalla Ahmed Dawoud, Hassan Abdelgadir, Treiza Naeim Bakheit

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This experiment was carried out, during season 2011/2012, at two locations, Northern Gedarif in rainfed condition, and at Sennar Agricultural Research Station Farm under irrigation system, to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of post- emergence application of Diserbone E 72, Stard 600 SL, and 2, 4-D Ester (new formulations of 2, 4-D (each at 0.32 kg a.e. / fed, on weeds control in sorghum.  The tested herbicides gave moderate to excellent control (56 – 95 %) of broadleaved weeds throughout the season and poor efficacy against grassy weeds in both locations. They also significantly reduced weed biomass in comparison to their respective control. Unrestricted weed growth reduced sorghum grain yield by 20 - 28%. Diserbone E 72, Stard 600 SL and 2, 4-D Ester outyielded the unweeded control and resulted in grain yield comparable to the counterpart Dicopur 720 SL. The R_f value of 2, 4-D standard was 0.86, the minimum detectable quantity was 0.04 μg and the recovery of the method was 84%. No residues of 2, 4-D were detected in all samples. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of 2, 4-D in sorghum is 2 mg/kg.

Keywords: Rainfed, Formulations, Counterpart, Broadleaved, Handweeding, Unweeded.

Title: Evaluation of Diserbone E 72, Stard 600 SL, and 2, 4-D Ester (2, 4-D) for weeds control in sorghum

Author: Ayman Abdel Maged Awad, El fatih Abdel Aziz, Hassan Abdelgadir, Dafalla Ahmed Dawoud, Lubna EL. Khidir, Rawda Y. ELHabieb

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

Research Publish Journals