Vol 13 Issue 1 April 2025-September 2025

Abstract: This study explored how portfolio management strategies influence the financial performance of investment companies in Rwanda, with Rwanda Investment Group (RIG) as the case study. It emphasized that effective portfolio construction, selection, and assessment provide optimal returns for a given level of risk while mitigating investment risks. The research aimed to identify strategies applied by RIG, assess their impact on financial performance, and examine challenges encountered in portfolio management between 2012 and 2014. A descriptive survey design was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The target population consisted of 68 RIG employees, from which a purposive sample of 31 staff was selected. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and content analysis, as well as inferential statistics, particularly Pearson’s correlation. Results were presented in tables, graphs, and narratives. Findings revealed that internal control systems significantly influence RIG’s financial performance, particularly return on equity and investments. Implementation of activities and feedback mechanisms from financial control systems were identified as crucial benefits, strengthening the management of financial statements and operational systems. However, the study also established that challenges in portfolio management directly affect returns, highlighting the importance of addressing these issues promptly. The study concluded that portfolio management strategies directly impact RIG’s returns on equity and investments. Specifically, diversification of investments was found to enhance returns positively, while capital structure had a significant effect on equity returns. Internal control systems emerged as a key factor in mitigating portfolio management challenges, thereby improving financial outcomes. Recommendations included the adoption of efficient portfolio management techniques across companies under RIG, coupled with effective asset allocation systems guided by data-driven decision-making. Such measures would ensure wise financing and investment decisions, strengthen portfolio performance, and guarantee sustainable financial growth.

Keywords: Management Strategies, Portfolio, Financial Performance, Investments Companies, Rwanda Investment Group.

Title: Portfolio Management Strategies and Financial Performance of Investments Companies in Rwanda: A Case Study of Rwanda Investment Group

Author: Mr. Ngabo Bizima Willy, Dr. GITAHI Njenga

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 549-557

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 27-September-2025

Abstract: For women-owned businesses in Kenya, obtaining financing remains a major challenge. This limits their ability to grow and improve their financial performance. This study addresses an important knowledge gap about the opportunities and challenges faced by women-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Eldoret City. It examines the relationship between credit accessibility and financial performance. The specific goals are to assess the impact of credit cost, evaluate the effect of borrowing frequency, investigate the credit supply, and determine how different loan types influence financial performance. The guiding theories for this study are Financial Inclusion Theory, Social Learning Theory (SLT), and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory.  The study used structured questionnaires and interviews with female managers from financial institutions and entrepreneurs, employing a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. The target population included twenty managers of lending institutions and 1,720 registered women-owned SMEs in Eldoret City. The sample size consisted of 325 respondents, allowing the results to be generalized to the entire population with a 95% confidence level and ±5% margin of error. Stratified random sampling ensured proportional representation of female managers and entrepreneurs. After expert evaluations by research supervisors and a finance/accounting specialist, statistical methods like factor analysis and criterion-related validity testing were applied to ensure the validity of the research tools. A pilot study in Mosoriot, Nandi County, assessed reliability. Cronbach's alpha established consistency, with an acceptable threshold of 0.7 or higher. With an R² value of 0.61, changes in credit cost alone could explain 61% of the variation in financial performance. Results showed a p-value of 0.012, with a coefficient for credit cost (X₁) of 0.35. This indicated that a one-unit increase in credit cost led to a 0.35-unit statistically significant decline in the financial performance of women-owned businesses. Increasing interest rates or transaction costs negatively affected financial success. Financial performance positively and significantly benefited from frequent borrowing, indicated by a coefficient for borrowing frequency (X₂) of 0.28 and a p-value of 0.021. This finding suggests that financial performance rose by 0.28 units for each unit increase in borrowing frequency, likely due to better liquidity or reinvestment opportunities. Credit accessibility (X₃) had a p-value of 0.004, with the largest positive coefficient of 0.41. This showed that improved access to credit significantly boosted financial performance. Lastly, the loan types available (X₄) had a p-value of 0.037, with a coefficient of 0.22. This means that for every unit increase in the variety of loan products accessed, financial performance improved by 0.22 units. The study highlighted the importance of flexible and diverse financial products that meet the needs of female entrepreneurs to promote business growth and sustainability. Regression analysis indicated that every predictor variable significantly impacted the financial performance of women-owned businesses in Eldoret City, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). To ensure affordability for women-owned businesses, the researcher suggested examining and adjusting loan pricing systems. Financial institutions could lower collateral requirements, simplify loan application processes, and extend services to underserved areas to enhance credit availability. The study also encouraged financial institutions to diversify their loan portfolios for women entrepreneurs, as access to various loan types (such as asset-based, working capital, and trade credit) improves financial performance. Providing tailored loan solutions that address specific business needs can help optimize capital use. These measures aim to enhance the sustainability and financial performance of women-owned businesses in Nakuru City. 

Keywords: Borrowing Frequency, Credit Accessibility, Credit Cost, Credit Supply, Financial Performance, Loan Type, Women-Owned Enterprises.

Title: INFLUENCE OF CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN ELDORET CITY, KENYA

Author: John Nderitu Wachira, Irene Cherono

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 531-548

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 25-September-2025

Abstract: The study examined the role of blue finance on blue economy in Nigeria for the period 2000 to 2023. The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain whether blue financing factors such as government expenditure on agriculture (GEXAGR), loans to agriculture and fishery (LAGFISH), agricultural credit guarantee scheme funds (ACGSF) and employment rate (EMPR) significantly impact blue economy. For this reason, the ordinary least square (OLS) technique was employed for the analysis of data. The result obtained indicate that government expenditure on agriculture (GEXAGR) does not have significant impact on blue economy; loans to agriculture and fishery (LAGFISH) had a significant negative impact on blue economy; while agricultural credit guarantee scheme funds had a significant positive impact on blue economy, employment rate (EMPR) had a weak negative impact on blue economy. The study recommends among others that, government should have specific budgetary allocation directly targeted at promoting the blue economy like the way it is done by the advanced countries. This way, government expenditure will positively impact blue economy in Nigeria.

JEL Classification: O44, Q14, Q22, H5, C4.

Keywords: Blue Economy, Blue Finance, Fishery, Aquaculture, Government Expenditure, Statistical and Econometric Methods.

Title: The Role of Blue Financing in Blue Economy in Nigeria

Author: OMOGBAI, Courage Agbologa, OSIFO Kessington Edos

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 520-530

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 15-September-2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17123963

Retraction Notice

Title of paper: An Assessment of the Relationship between Organisational Labour Policies and Employee Satisfaction: A Case of Tan Breed Poultry AgroProcessing Industry in Morogoro Municipality

Author: Paula J. Mhina, Dr. Mkubya Raphael Wambura

Journal Name: International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Other details: Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp: (510-519), Month: April 2025 - September 2025

Published Date: 15-September-2025

Retraction Date: 25 February 2026

Publisher: Research Publish Journals

Reason for Retraction: On the author's request dated 18 February 2026

Abstract: Background: Self-regulation skills are an important element for private businesses, this has been proven more and more by numerous empirical studies.

Aim: The aim of this research is to identify the importance of self-regulation skills, more specifically the role of these skills in employee performance and counterproductive behaviors at work.

Methodology: The research was conducted with 100 employees in private businesses in Prizren. To find the results, the self-report questionnaire “The Self-Regulation Questionnaire” (SRQ) was used, which measured self-regulation skills, and the questionnaire “Individual Work Performance Questionnaire” (IWPQ) was used, which measured work performance and counterproductive behaviors at work. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and simple linear regression.

Results: The results of this research support the hypotheses that self-regulatory skills are related to work performance, more specifically to general, contextual performance, while no significant result was found regarding the relationship between self-regulatory skills and adaptive performance. The hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between self-regulatory skills and counterproductive behaviors is supported, but with a low positive relationship. The data from this study will serve organizational psychologists in our country for the benefit of organizations and employees.

Keywords: self-regulatory skills, performance, counterproductive behaviors, businesses.

Title: The impact of self-regulatory skills on employee performance in private businesses in Prizren

Author: Kaltrina Krasniqi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 500-509

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 08-September-2025

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between market orientation and manufacturing industry performance, with organizational learning and e-business adoption serving as mediating factors, grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV). The findings indicate that manufacturing industry performance is positively associated with market orientation, organizational learning, and e-business adoption. Furthermore, market orientation significantly influences organizational learning and e-business adoption, thereby enhancing manufacturing industry performance. This study contributes to the marketing literature by offering a parsimonious framework for understanding these relationships. The results, based on analyses of manufacturing industry sectors, provide a baseline perspective for marketing management professionals working within manufacturing firms.

Keywords: Organizational Learning, E-Business Adoption, Market Orientation, Manufacturing Industry Performance.

Title: Is there a mediating effect of organizational learning and e-business adoption in the relationship between market orientation and manufacturing industry performance?

Author: Meisam Karami, Hamid Bouraghi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 487-499

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-September-2025

Abstract: The banking sector has evolved with tremendous changes due to technological innovations that have increased its convenience as well as efficiency and ease of accessing services. In this study, researchers explore how technological innovations affect customer satisfaction in commercial banks with NMB Bank Plc. in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania used as the subject of analysis. On the basis of the Expectancy-Disconfirmation Theory, my study adopted the cross-sectional study design coupled with the mixed-methods strategy wherein both quantitative data were gathered in a structured questionnaire among 375 customers and qualitative data were obtained through key informants, namely branch managers, agents, and IT users. The results reveal that ATMs, mobile banking and good institutional framework have positive effects on customer satisfaction in order to offer convenience, accessibility and good support. Conversely, computer technology and frequent enhancements to the system results in low satisfaction because of usability, and learning adoptions of a new system. The influence of the networks of guides on the customer satisfaction did not significantly differ among networks of guides. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that, despite the contribution of technological innovations to the development of satisfaction, other variables are also significant (usability, guidance, human assistance). The study concludes that banks should maximize ATM machines and mobile banking facilities to be user friendly, have rigid institutional frameworks and standardize the operations of the agent networks. In addition, human interaction should be used alongside technological adoption, especially on complex transactions and service recovery, to build trust, satisfaction and loyalty. These insights offer practical guidance to commercial banks in developing countries that are striving to reconcile efficiency driven by technology with customer facing delivery.

Keywords: Technological Innovations, Customer Satisfaction, Commercial Banks, and Morogoro Municipality.

Title: The Influence of Technological Innovations on Customer Satisfaction in Commercial Banks: A Case Study of NMB Bank Plc. Morogoro Municipality

Author: Osbert A. Mwasubila, Dr. Mkubya Raphael Wambura

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 476-486

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-September-2025

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of fraud on the growth of Nigerian banks, highlighting how fraudulent practices hinder sustainable development in the financial sector. Using secondary data from published financial reports between 2013 and 2023, the study employs regression analysis to assess the correlation between the prevalence of fraud and indicators of bank growth. This study has empirically examined the impact of various types of fraud on the growth of Nigerian banks, measured by total bank assets. The findings reveal that certain fraud types—specifically online/web fraud and cheque fraud—have a significant negative effect on bank growth, confirming their role as detrimental factors in the banking sector. Conversely, some forms of fraud, such as automated teller machine fraud and total amount lost, surprisingly show a positive association with bank growth, which may indicate underlying complexities or anomalies that warrant further investigation. The study recommends stronger internal control systems, and enhanced regulatory oversight to mitigate the rising incidence of fraud. This research provides policy-relevant insights into curbing fraud as a means to promote financial sector growth in Nigeria.

Keywords: bank growth, fraud, financial crime, Nigeria, internal control, financial sector, regulatory oversight.

Title: Fraud: A Negative Catalyst to Bank Growth

Author: Erhabor, Osaruyi Jeffrey, ISEDU, Mustafa

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 466-475

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26-August-2025

Abstract: The study examined the effect of green finance on carbon footprint in Nigeria for the period of 2005 to 2023. The specific objectives of the study were to find out if green financing factors such as green bond (GB), green investment (GINV), environmental climate change funds (ECCF) and environmental tax (ENVTAX) minimizes carbon footprint in Nigeria. The fully modified least squares (FMOLS) regression techniques was employed for the analysis of data, and the results revealed that green bond (GB) has significant positive effect on carbon footprint, green investment (GINV) has a weak inverse effect on carbon footprint, while environmental climate change funds (ECCF) has a weak effect on carbon footprint, environmental tax (ENVTAX) is seen to have significant positive relationship with carbon footprint in Nigeria. The study recommends that policymakers should focus on several key areas to enhance environmental and economic sustainability. For instance, issuance of green bond should be given a priority by making them accessible to industrial firms; and must also be closely followed by strict monitoring of the effects of carbon neutrality initiatives, establishing stringent greenhouse gas emission standards, introducing incentive mechanisms to encourage low-carbon actions by firms.

Keywords: Green Finance, Green Bond, Green Investment, Carbon Footprint, Statistical and Econometric method.

Title: Green Finance and Carbon Footprint in Nigeria

Author: OMOGBAI, Courage Agbologa, OSIFO Kessington Edos

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 453-465

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 20-August-2025

Abstract: Healthcare projects in Migori County, Kenya, operate in complex environments with diverse stakeholders, fluctuating external conditions, and reliance on volunteers or temporary staff who may lack project management skills. This study examined the influence of project management team dynamics, stakeholder dynamics, communication dynamics, and risk dynamics on healthcare project performance in the county. Guided by the Balanced Scorecard Model and Stakeholder Theory, a descriptive research design was applied to five major healthcare projects, involving all 138 staff members as the study population through a census approach. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, pre-tested with 14 respondents from a similar project at the United Nations Development Programme. Instrument validity was confirmed through content, face, and construct validity, while reliability achieved a Cronbach’s alpha of at least 0.7. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. Findings indicated that all four dynamics significantly and positively influenced project performance. Effective team environments—characterized by diversity, trust, clear roles, and collaboration—enhanced outcomes. Active stakeholder engagement, including community members, healthcare professionals, and authorities, improved decision-making. A strong communication culture was vital for operational efficiency. Proactive risk management supported project resilience. The study concluded that aligning team composition, stakeholder involvement, communication strategies, and risk assessments strengthens healthcare project outcomes. Recommendations included clearly defining roles, briefing stakeholders on contributions, respecting local culture and language, conducting systematic risk assessments, and investing in team training for risk management and project execution in Migori County’s healthcare sector.

Keywords: Healthcare project management, Team dynamics, Stakeholder engagement, Communication strategies, Risk management in healthcare management.

Title: Linking Project Management Dynamics to Healthcare Projects Outcomes: A Case of Migori County, Kenya

Author: Joseph Gibuka Mairi, Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 444-452

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 15-August-2025

Abstract: This research proposes integrating real-world assets (RWAs) into a blockchain-based supply chain to address traditional challenges of transparency, inefficiency, and security. The framework supports both centralized and decentralized operations within a consortium, ensuring flexibility for diverse organizational needs. Security features include private transactions via Quorum and Hyperledger Besu clients, asymmetric encryption for app-to-app messaging, and confined nodes/services to specific environments. Scalability is achieved through multiple blockchain networks with firewall isolation, while optional cloud integrations enhance efficiency. Organizational identities are managed securely using digital certificates, and a granular block explorer ensures transparency and accountability. This integration improves efficiency, transparency, and trust in food supply chains, benefiting all stakeholders.

The proposed RWAs system in the case study is designed with flexibility in mind, allowing for both centralized and decentralized consortium operations. This dual capability ensures that organizations can choose the operational structure that best suits their needs, whether controlled by a single entity or shared across multiple participants. Additionally, the system supports tiered subscriptions within a consortium, enabling diverse organizations with varying requirements to coexist harmoniously.

In conclusion, this research demonstrates how integrating real-world assets into a blockchain-based food supply chain can significantly improve efficiency, transparency, and trust. By addressing critical challenges through innovative use of technology, the proposed system offers a robust framework for modernizing food supply chains, ultimately benefiting all stakeholders from producers to consumers.

Keywords: Real World Assets, Supply Chain, Smart Factory, Automation.

Title: Real World Asset (RWA) Supply Chain for Smart Factory

Author: Ray Wai Man Kong

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 430-443

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 13-August-2025

Abstract: Customer satisfaction in e-banking in Kenya has been on the decline despite scholarly research contributions. In 2015 customer satisfaction in e-banking was approximately at 64%. Unfortunately, in 2017 satisfaction in e-banking dropped to 50% while in 2020 satisfaction in e-banking was a meagre 33%. The study aimed at establishing the effect of brand awareness on customer satisfaction of e-banking account holders of commercial banks in Nairobi City, Kenya. The measured brand awareness dimensions were:  the ease of recall of bank brand, remembering the bank brand first while making transactions, familiarity with the bank brand and the ability to quickly recognise the bank brand. The study context was Nairobi County which has 564 bank brand branches, allowing access to variety of customer demographics and all bank tiers. A sample of 400 respondents was selected. Primary data was used and collected using questionnaires disseminated using google forms with questions on a 5- and 10-point Likert scale. The results showed that most of the respondents had familiarity with their bank brands, could easily recall their bank brands and that they also quickly recognised their bank brands. However, only the ability to easily recall the bank brand and familiarity with the bank brand were found to be significant to customer satisfaction.

Keywords: Brand Awareness, Brand Equity, Customer Satisfaction, E-banking.

Title: Brand Awareness and Customer Satisfaction of E-banking Customers in Commercial Banks in Nairobi County, Kenya

Author: Kellen Gaitung’u, Dr. Reuben Kinyuru Njuguna, Dr. John Nguma Mutinda

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 413-429

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-August-2025

Abstract: The workforce is the backbone of any organization, playing a crucial role in its growth and productivity. Companies today are increasingly relying on contingent workers—contract employees, freelancers, and gig workers—to meet changing business needs. While this approach offers businesses flexibility and cost savings, it also brings challenges for workers, such as job insecurity, low wages, and limited access to benefits. This study takes a closer look at the legal framework governing contingent employment in India, focusing on key labor laws and their effectiveness in protecting workers' rights. By analyzing secondary data, it highlights the difficulties faced by contract workers, gaps in current policies, and the need for stronger enforcement of labor protections. The study also explores how businesses can strike a balance between workforce flexibility and fair employment practices to create a more sustainable and equitable work environment.

Keywords: Contingent workforce, contract workers, gig economy, labor laws, worker rights, job security, employment policies, workforce flexibility, fair wages, Indian labor market.

Title: The Study on Regulatory Framework for Contingent Workforce in Indian Organization

Author: Vidyun Singh, Prof. Rajeev Prabhakar

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 407-412

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-August-2025

Abstract: The study investigated fraud prevention in a digital environment: issues and prospect. Sample size of 330 derived from a total study population of 1,889 using Taro Yamane statistical formula in the study. Questionnaire was used as the instrument of data collection and the data collected were analysed using simple percentage while hypotheses was tested using t-test. From the analysis of the data and test of hypotheses, result shows that digital forensic accounting environment offers investigators more reliable and efficient avenue to uncover financial fraud. Digital forensic accounting environment help minimize the extent of financial fraud since it expose detailed information on the processes used in the financial fraud as well as exposes more detailed information to the investigator. It’s in the light of this that the study therefore recommends that digital forensic investigation method should be adopted fully by forensic accountant in other to aid investigation and give more reliable and efficient information that will enable them carry out their duties perfectly.

Keywords: fraud instigation, forensic investigation, fraud prevention, financial fraud, digital environment. 

Title: FRAUD PREVENTION IN A DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: ISSUES AND PROSPECT

Author: YESUFU, NASIRU IKIEBE, IGBINOSUN FRIDAY ESE

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 394-406

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-August-2025

Abstract: This paper explores the critical intersection of cybersecurity and human resource (HR) management, emphasizing how cybersecurity awareness and robust policy enforcement can enhance HR compliance and ethical oversight in digital organizations. As HR functions increasingly manage sensitive data and operate within technology-driven ecosystems, they face heightened exposure to cyber threats such as phishing, data breaches, and insider attacks. The review highlights the evolving role of HR as both a custodian of organizational ethics and a key player in cybersecurity strategy, advocating for integrated frameworks that combine technical safeguards with behavioral accountability. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the study examines compliance challenges in remote work settings, ethical dilemmas surrounding employee surveillance, and the influence of leadership on cybersecurity culture. It also offers practical strategies for policy development, employee training, and incident response, while identifying future research gaps around AI integration, cross-functional collaboration, and longitudinal impact assessment.

Keywords: Cybersecurity Awareness, Human Resource Compliance, Ethical Digital Behavior, Policy Enforcement, Organizational Security Culture, Insider Threat Mitigation.

Title: Strengthening Human Resource Compliance and Ethical Oversight through Cybersecurity Awareness and Policy Enforcement

Author: Diana Ussher-Eke, Deborah Abiojo Onoja, Onuh Matthew Ijiga, Lawrence Anebi Enyejo

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 376-393

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 28-July-2025