Vol 13 Issue 2 October 2025-March 2026

Abstract: ​Cold start operation represents one of the most critical phases in internal combustion engine performance. During this period, engine components experience rapid temperature variations that significantly influence efficiency, emissions, lubrication, and mechanical wear. This study investigates the transient thermal behavior of key engine components during cold start conditions. The analysis focuses on temperature evolution, heat transfer mechanisms, and thermal gradients affecting engine durability and performance. A transient thermal model is employed to evaluate temperature rise characteristics of major components, highlighting the impact of heat generation and thermal inertia. The findings indicate that non-uniform temperature distribution and delayed oil warming play a vital role in friction losses and component stress. The study provides insights into improving thermal management strategies during engine cold start.

Keywords: Cold start operation, emissions, lubrication, temperature evolution, heat transfer mechanisms.

Title: Transient Thermal Behaviour of Engine Components During Cold Start

Author: Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi, Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 88-91

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Published Date: 23-February-2026

Abstract: Hydraulic brake systems are fundamental safety components in modern vehicles, converting driver input force into braking torque through fluid pressure transmission. The mechanical efficiency of these systems plays a critical role in braking performance, energy losses, and overall vehicle safety. This study evaluates the mechanical efficiency of hydraulic brake systems by analysing force transmission, pressure amplification, and energy dissipation mechanisms. The investigation considers theoretical relationships alongside practical losses caused by friction, fluid resistance, and mechanical deformation. Results demonstrate that system inefficiencies significantly influence braking force output and response behaviour. The study highlights key factors affecting efficiency and proposes considerations for optimisation in automotive braking design.

Keywords: Hydraulic brake systems, fundamental safety components, modern vehicles, fluid pressure transmission.

Title: Mechanical Efficiency Evaluation of Hydraulic Brake Systems

Author: Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej, Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 84-87

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Published Date: 23-February-2026

Abstract: ​Tire pressure is a critical parameter affecting vehicle performance, safety, and dynamic behaviour. Variations in tire inflation pressure significantly influence ride comfort, handling stability, braking performance, and tire-road interaction characteristics. This study investigates the influence of tire pressure on vehicle dynamic response by analysing its effects on contact patch behaviour, stiffness characteristics, and vibration transmission. The analysis combines theoretical principles with vehicle dynamics concepts to evaluate how underinflation and overinflation impact system performance. Results indicate that deviations from optimal tire pressure alter suspension response, stability behaviour, and energy dissipation mechanisms. The findings emphasise the importance of proper tire pressure management for maintaining vehicle safety and performance.

Keywords: Tire pressure, critical parameter, vehicle performance, safety, handling stability, braking performance, maintaining vehicle safety.

Title: Influence of Tire Pressure on Vehicle Dynamic Response

Author: Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej, Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 79-83

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Published Date: 23-February-2026

Abstract: The Automated Mid-leg Seam Folding and Sewing Machine represents a transformative advancement in garment manufacturing, specifically addressing the challenges associated with traditional manual processes. This machine integrates Lean Modernization principles to enhance production efficiency, reduce waste, and improve the quality of mid-leg seam pants. By automating critical steps such as fabric alignment, folding, and sewing, it minimizes human error and ensures consistent, high-quality output. The design incorporates advanced mechanisms, including mechanical clamping devices and pressing columns, to achieve precise seam allowances while maintaining fabric integrity. Additionally, the integration of computer vision and sensors enhances pattern matching accuracy and fabric handling. Prioritizing user-friendliness and ergonomics, the machine reduces operator strain and boosts productivity. Its energy-efficient design aligns with sustainability goals, and its adaptability ensures scalability for future technological advancements. This innovation exemplifies the potential of automation in garment manufacturing, offering a robust solution that meets the demands for stylish, high-quality garments while optimizing production processes.

Keywords: Magnetic Levitation, Maglev, AI, Automation, Robot, Manufacturing, Production, Conveyor.

Title: Automated Folding and Sewing Machine for the Mid-Leg Seam Pants

Author: Prof. EUR ING Ray Wai Man Kong

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 67-78

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Published Date: 07-January-2026

Abstract: Aluminium-lithium alloys remain an important class of lightweight structural materials due to their good strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, their mechanical performance is strongly influenced by microalloying additions that control grain structure and intermetallic formation. This study therefore investigates the synergistic effect of varying Ti/Nd ratios on the mechanical and microstructural properties of cast Al-3wt%Li alloy. Aluminium, lithium, titanium and neodymium powders were weighed by percent composition, melted in a steel crucible furnace, alloyed, stirred and cast into moulds. Tensile, yield, elongation and hardness tests were performed using ASTM E8M-04 standards, alongside optical and SEM microstructural evaluations. Results showed that tensile strength reached its peak when Ti = 1.2 wt% and Nd = 0.2 wt%, before decreasing with further additions. Hardness increased from 39.5 BHN (control) to 71.1 BHN at optimal Ti/Nd combinations, while elongation decreased from 12.20% to 6.57% at higher Ti content. Grain refinement, increased α-Al matrix volume and modification of β-Al₃Mg₂ morphology were observed, but excessive Ti/Nd caused grain coarsening and reduced ductility. The findings demonstrate the potential application of optimized Ti/Nd ratios in improving lightweight alloy components for aerospace and automotive structural use.

Keywords: Aluminium-lithium alloy, Titanium, Neodymium, Grain refinement, Mechanical properties.

Title: Correlatory Study of the Structural and Mechanical Performance of Ti/Nd Modified Al-3%Li Alloy

Author: Emekwisia, Chukwudubem C., Eloke Paul, Ukwuoma Bright E., Okoye, Ifeanyi E., Olelewe Chibueze J.

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 58-66

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Published Date: 27-December-2025

Abstract: Characterization of natural clay powder using spectroscopic techniques as reinforcement in bio composites for food packaging applications was studied. Natural clay was pulverized to fine clay powder of size 100 μm using ball mills. The fine clay powder was subjected to spectroscopy using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The study found that, EDXRF spectra of natural clay powder showed, silica (SiO₂ 34.851 %), alumina (Al₂O₃ 19.092 %) and Ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃ 2.3475 %). Also, TiO₂ (1.2855 %), K₂O (1.1438 %) and MgO (1.04 %). FTIR spectra of the clay sample revealed eight peaks. Bands at 3690.06446 and 3622.97238 cm^-1 showed presence of hydroxyl linkage. The peak at 3429.15081 cm^-1 is assigned to OH stretching. Bands at 1640.02865 cm^-1 indicates possibility of water of hydration or H-O-H bending of water in the adsorbent due to the hydrous nature of the clay materials. Bands at 998.92654 and 909.47043 cm^-1 respectively correspond to the Al-OH bending vibrations. Si-O stretching vibrations were observed at around 790-678.37549 cm^-1. The results of the FTIR showed no toxic functional group in the sample. SEM of the clay sample showed particle size of 100 μm. EDX result showed silicon with the highest weight concentration of 58.67 %, aluminium 26.55 %. The results showed no toxic or heavy element of concern in the clay. This is a confirmation suggesting that, the clay is safe and could be used for reinforcements in bio composites food packaging applications.

Keywords: Natural Clay, Fine powder, toxicity, Spectroscopy and bio-composites.  

Title: Characterization of Fine Natural Clay Powder for Reinforcement in Bio Composites for Food Packaging Applications

Author: Imadu C. Cedrick, Abugh Ashwe, Nyior G. Bem

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 51-57

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Published Date: 24-November-2025

Abstract: Diesel particulate filter (DPF) plays a direct role in creating cleaner air and reducing public health risks. Filters made from FeCrAl sintered metal fibers (SMFs) offer outstanding mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. DPF depends primarily on its available surface area. In addition, surface area regulates the density of active catalytic sites for the oxidation process. The current study focuses on the optimization of the FeCrAl SMFs surface area through controlled thermal oxidation. Thermal oxidation process leads to the formation of a high-area aluminum oxide layer. Experimental results, using Brunauer-Emmett-Tiller (BET) analysis, Investigate the impact of oxidation temperature on SMF surface area. In this investigation, Sample 5 (oxidized at 1000 °C) showed the smallest surface area of ​​107 cm²/g. This indicates that thermal oxidation at 1000 °C represents a thin or poorly developed oxide layer. Samples 2 and 4, oxidized thermally at 800 °C and (930-960-990) °C respectively, produced intermediate surface areas, ranging from 210 cm²/g to 300 cm²/g. This shows that these temperatures facilitate greater oxide growth than 1000 °C, but do not achieve the maximum possible surface area development. Sample 3, oxidized at 900 °C, achieved the highest surface area of ​​1569 cm²/g, demonstrating that 900 °C is highly effective in high-surface-area oxide form. This study confirms that oxidation temperature is an important factor in optimizing the surface area of ​​FeCrAl metal microfibers.

Keywords: BET Analysis, FeCrAl Sintered Metal Fibers, Thermal Oxidation, Surface Area, Structured Catalyst.

Title: Enhancement and Quantification of Surface Area in Thermally Oxidized FeCrAl Sintered Metal Fibers via BET Analysis

Author: Loai Ben Naji

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 46-50

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Published Date: 21-November-2025

Abstract: The determination of specific surface area through Langmuir isotherm analysis is essential for characterizing iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) sintered metal fibers (SMFs), particularly for applications such as diesel particulate filter (DPF). This investigation utilized nitrogen physisorption analysis, The analysis of the data within the framework of the Langmuir adsorption model enables a systematic evaluation of the thermally oxidized samples The model determines the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity and provides a fundamental description of adsorbate-adsorbent interactions and quantifying the accessible surface area of the sintered metal fibers. The samples were prepared under varying conditions: single-stage thermal oxidation at 700°C (Sample 1), 800°C (Sample 2), 900°C (Sample 3), and 1000°C (Sample 5), along with a sample treated with multi-stage thermal oxidation process at 930, 960, and 990°C (Sample 4). The results revealed a significant effect of heat process on the surface area. Sample 3, oxidized at 900°C, showed the highest Langmuir surface area of 9710 cm²/g, implying that this oxidation temperature improves the development of oxide morphology with a high area on Sample 3 surface. On contrary, Sample 2, treated at 800°C, showed the lowest value of 792 cm²/g. Sample 4 exposed to multi-stage treatment showed the next highest value of 2698 cm²/g. Moreover, Samples 1 and 5 resulted values ranging between 1350 and 1700 cm²/g. The current investigation confirms that thermal oxidation is an important and controllable factor for modifying microstructure and developing the adsorption performance of FeCrAl SMFs surface area.

Keywords: A Langmuir Isotherm, FeCrAl Sintered Metal Fibers, Thermal Oxidation, Surface Area, Structured Catalyst.

Title: Determination of the Monolayer-Adsorption-Capacitance and Accessible Catalytic Area of FeCrAl Sintered Metal Fibers: A Langmuir Isotherm Study for Diesel Particulate Filter

Author: Loai Ben Naji

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 40-45

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Published Date: 21-November-2025

Abstract: Radiator is one of heat sources and its thermal performance has significant effect on the efficiency of a heating system. This paper investigates how choice of materials influences thermal behavior for radiators. Aluminum, copper, and steel are discussed with respect to their thermal conductive properties, corrosion resistance and efficiency. Based on experimental results and an elaborate theoretical analysis, conclusions are drawn on the choice of the optimum material for various applications.

Keywords: Radiators, Thermo-Performance, Material Selection, Aluminum, Copper, Steel, Thermal Conductivity and Corrosion resistance.

Title: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS ON THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF RADIATORS

Author: Mansour A KH Aljamaan, Idrees M A Alkandari

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 37-39

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Published Date: 31-October-2025

Abstract: In the present study, point-of-use (POU) water filtration systems were fabricated using montmorillonite clay and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and evaluated for use in rural communities of Nigeria, including internally displaced person’s (IDP) camps. Both montmorillonite clay and polyethylene terephthalate were sourced locally from sites around Makurdi in Benue State – Nigeria. The PET was processed to micro size and sieved on a No. 2 microns sieve to obtain 0.07 µm particles while clay was processed into Nano particles and mixed with the micron sized PET particles in an industrial mixer to obtain a homogenous content. Five (5) cup-shaped filter samples were produced using five different weight percent (wt.%) ratios (Nano-clay/PET) of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 - designated as A, B, C, D and E respectively. The filter samples were aged and cured in an oven at 130^oC (above glass transition temperature) for about 30 mins to cause distortion on the PET particles to create predetermined pore sizes. The filter samples were evaluated on the basis of mechanical (shatter index), physical (water absorption, porosity and flow rate), chemical (water pH, total dissolved solids and turbidity) and biological (microbial removal efficiency) properties. Results of shatter index test indicated that all samples exhibited shatter resistance of well over 90% indicating high durability and ability to withstand handling stresses especially during packaging and transportation. Analyses of the untreated and treated water samples showed removal efficiencies for turbidity, TDS, and TSS as 79%, 64% and 62% respectively. All results obtained were within the WHO limit. In general, all the samples showed excellent performance in the removal of harmful microbes for all bacteria studied, while samples D and E demonstrated an improved capacity to eliminate E. coli and total coliform. Based on ANOVA, it was concluded that filter sample C which high significance, comprising 70 wt% fine-clay and 30 wt% PET met the most standard requirements for point-of-use drinking water filter quality. This sample also exhibited the fastest discharge of 1.92 litres/hr compared to the other samples. Filter sample C was therefore recommended for use by rural communities as it consistently produced high-quality water that complied with most turbidity and microbiological limits for drinking water.

Keywords: Nano-clay/PET; Point-of-use; Water filtration; flow rate; Turbidity; microbial removal efficiency.

Title: EVALUATION OF COMPOSITES FROM NANO-CLAY AND RECYCLED POLYTHENE TEREPHATHALATES FOR POINT-OF-USE WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS

Author: Abugh Ashwe, Embassy Msuega Akume

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 22-36

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Published Date: 28-October-2025

Abstract: ​The increasing demand for fuel efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have driven significant interest in waste heat recovery technologies. In internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, nearly 30–40% of fuel energy is lost as exhaust heat. This paper investigates the application of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for recovering part of this waste heat and converting it into useful electrical energy. Using the Seebeck effect, TEG modules were modeled and integrated into an exhaust system simulation to estimate power output and overall energy recovery efficiency. Results indicate that TEGs can recover approximately 3–5% of exhaust energy under typical driving conditions, improving overall vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 2%. Design optimization, such as module material selection and heat exchanger geometry, significantly influences system performance.

Keywords: waste heat recovery technologies. internal combustion engine (ICE), electrical energy, influences system performance.

Title: Waste Heat Recovery from Automotive Exhaust Using Thermoelectric Generators

Author: Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi, Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 17-21

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Published Date: 27-October-2025

Abstract: Biofuel is produced from organic materials, juice fruit, food waste, beverage waste, corn oils and animal fats. Fuels classified as first, second, third and fourth generation, mostly first generation not require pretreatment other generation digests by chemical, physical, pyrolysis or biological pretreatments, the biological pretreatment is commercial and more economically than other pretreatments, while this pretreatment also has many challenges, require professional persons, equipment, instruments, slow – time taking process, feedstock- biomass require and many more challenge will be.

Keywords: Biofuel, Pretreatment, Fermentation, Pyrolysis, Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas, First biofuel generation, Second biofuel generation and third biofuel generation.

Title: A Review on Production of Biofuel in backward countries Challenges and Possible solution for future biofuel production

Author: Aashoqullah Sajaad, Obaidullah usefzay

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 9-16

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Published Date: 27-October-2025

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of different coolant additives on both the corrosion rate and heat transfer performance of common radiator materials used in automotive cooling systems. Radiator efficiency and longevity depend significantly on coolant formulation, which governs thermal conductivity, pH stability, and corrosion protection. Four coolant types ethylene glycol-based, propylene glycol-based, hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT), and organic acid technology (OAT) were evaluated. Experiments were conducted using aluminum and copper radiator specimens under controlled thermal cycling. Corrosion rates were measured via weight-loss and electrochemical methods, while heat transfer coefficients were determined through steady-state heat exchange tests. Results indicate that OAT coolants exhibited superior corrosion inhibition, while HOAT coolants offered the highest thermal efficiency. The study provides engineering recommendations for selecting coolant formulations to balance corrosion control and heat transfer performance.

Title: The Impact of Different Coolant Additives on the Corrosion Rate and Heat Transfer Effectiveness of Radiator Materials

Author: Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej, Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 4-8

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Published Date: 23-October-2025

Abstract: AI-powered Predictive Maintenance (PdM) has emerged as a transformative strategy for optimizing industrial efficiency and asset management. This approach moves beyond traditional time-based or reactive maintenance by leveraging advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to anticipate equipment failures before they occur. By continuously analyzing vast streams of real-time operational and sensor data (including vibration, temperature, pressure, and electrical signals) collected via the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), AI models can detect subtle anomalies and patterns indicative of impending failures. The core application involves building Remaining Useful Life (RUL) models to precisely forecast the time until a mechanical component requires servicing. The adoption of AI in PdM offers substantial benefits, including maximizing asset uptime, significantly reducing maintenance costs, extending equipment lifespan, and enhancing overall operational safety and efficiency in complex industrial environments. This paper explores the key AI techniques and their applications in monitoring and diagnosing industrial mechanical systems.

Title: AI Applications in Predictive Maintenance (PdM) for Industrial Mechanical Systems

Author: Mohammad F. Kh. A. Alenezi, Ebrahim Mohammad Almufarrej

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology      

ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 1-3

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Published Date: 23-October-2025