Vol 6 Issue 4 October 2018-December 2018

Abstract: Poverty, in the developing world, continues to cause livelihood challenges among rural populations. One of the discreet impacts of livelihood assets on livelihood choices is the moderating effect of rural extension services. Most studies regarding poverty reduction overlook the moderating effect of rural extension services on livelihood assets and livelihood choices. The purpose of this study was to investigate how extension services moderate household choices based on livelihood assets in Kieni East and West sub counties of Nyeri County. The study adopted cross sectional research design, involving mixed method approaches to collect data. Household survey was the main source of quantitative data collection, while the qualitative aspect of data was collected using semi structured interviews, participant observations, and desk reviews. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique was used to establish a 400 sample size in 10 sub locations. Data was analyzed using descriptive and econometric modeling techniques. Socioeconomic data was analyzed using statistical descriptive techniques, and independent T-Test was used to test statistical significance (p<0.05) at the two sites. Data with quantifiable factors was subjected to hierarchical multiple regression analyses, while qualitative data was analyzed using grounded theory, discourse and narrative analyses. Results show that 19.8% of the respondents were visited by extension officers over the last three years, while 24.4% indicated to have actively participated in local extension programmes. While independently household assets[b = .344, SE= .049, β=.317, p < .01]  and extension services[b = .284, SE= .043, β= .297, p < .01]  had a significant effect on livelihood choices, results show the interaction of extension services and household livelihood assets (Z*X) had insignificant [b=.074, SEb= .048, β= .071, p > .001] influence on household livelihood choices in the study area. The results of the study demonstrate that demand based extension services in the area have insignificant influence on livelihood choices by households, which in the long run affect negatively household wellbeing. The study concludes with some recommendations for policy consideration.

Keywords: Household, livelihood, livelihood assets, livelihood choices, rural agricultural extension, poverty, household wellbeing, semi-arid lands, rural areas, Kenya.

Title: The Moderating Effect of Rural Extension Services on Livelihood Choices in Kieni Semi Arid Area of Kieni, Kenya

Author: Fred K. Wamalwa, Dr. Florence Ondieki-Mwaura, Dr.Frederick O. Ayuke

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: For decades, dissociative identity disorder (DID) has perplexed psychologists worldwide. Since DID was first introduced in the field of psychology, its validity has been in question for decades. Opponents of DID claim that therapists use suggestive practices, such as hypnosis, to influence patients into believing that they have multiple identities. However, advancements in neuroimaging have revealed that within one person, brain scans of one ‘alter’ can differ from another depending on the alter’s physical and mental condition. Furthermore, it has been found that DID is associated with prolonged child abuse. As such, DID patients struggle with autobiographical memory given the individual’s primary objective is to protect the the core self from the trauma that they have experienced as a child. In an effort to promote DID education, the International Society for the Study of Trauma & Dissociation has actively worked to promote DID research and has devised a standardized treatment method which is being applied worldwide today. For this literature review, journal articles from the Journal of Mental Health Counseling, the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Psychiatry, and others were used for a critical analysis and review.

Keywords: dissociative identity disorder, mental health, dissociation, prolonged child abuse.

Title: A Break in Identity: A Case for Dissociative Identity Disorder

Author: Junesoo Jun

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Poverty continues to present livelihood challenges among rural populations in the developing world. One of the important impacts of socioeconomic profiles of rural households is their implication on poverty reduction strategies. Often studies regarding poverty overlook implications of socioeconomic factors on rural poverty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic features of Kieni East and West sub counties households in Nyeri County. The study adopted cross sectional research design, involving mixed method approaches to collect data. Household survey was the main source of quantitative data collection, while the qualitative aspect of data was collected using semi structured interviews, participant observations, and desk reviews. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique was used to establish a 400 sample size in 10 sub locations. Data was analyzed using statistical descriptive techniques, and independent T-Test was applied to test statistical significance (p<0.05) at the two sites. Qualitative data was analyzed using grounded theory, discourse and narrative analyses. Results show that the proportion of female household heads and single headed households was 23% and 36% respectively. Illiteracy level for household heads was 11% with an average age of 55 years. Results also indicate that household heads have lived at their present land holding for an average of 28 years. The average family size was established at an average of four members and comprised of an the adult labour force(19-59 years) proportion of 57%. Also the study results show that the main household livelihood choices included cropping (77% of respondents), off-farm (61%), forest (49%), and livestock (40%) activities. The results of the study demonstrate that households in the study have unique socio economic features that contextualise poverty prevalence in the area. The study concludes with some recommendations for policy consideration.

Keywords: Household, livelihood, socioeconomic characteristics, poverty, household wellbeing, semi-arid areas, rural areas, Kenya.

Title: Analysis of Socioeconomic Characteristics That Contextualize Livelihoods in the Semi Arid Area of Kieni, Kenya

Author: Fred K. Wamalwa, Dr. Florence Ondieki – Mwaura, Dr.Frederick O. Ayuke

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Research Publish Journals