Abstract: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an increasingly critical role in economic development, nation-building, and promoting democratic progress. However, many NGO projects face challenges related to financial sustainability, particularly because they rely heavily on donor funding. When donor support is withdrawn, projects that fail to generate sufficient internal revenue often collapse, as operational costs exceed available resources. This underscores the need for effective cost management strategies to ensure that donor-funded projects remain viable beyond external funding. This study examined the effects of budgetary control, income diversification, cost estimation, and expense reduction on the financial sustainability of NGO projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The research was guided by the Theory of Project Management and Transaction Cost Theory, among other relevant theoretical frameworks. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 13 completed NGO projects in the city. The unit of analysis comprised 26 senior management officers 13 project directors and 13 project managers. A census of all 13 projects was conducted, and data were collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving three NGOs was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the research instruments, with reliability coefficients calculated to ensure internal consistency. Data analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate relationships among variables, with significance tested via Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study found that budgetary control practices (β = 0.578, p = 0.004), income diversification practices (β = 0.714, p = 0.001), cost estimation practices (β = 0.461, p = 0.003), and expense reduction practices (β = 0.339, p = 0.003) each had a significant positive effect on the financial sustainability of NGO projects. The study concludes that effective budgetary control enhances strategic allocation of resources and fosters financial accountability. Diversifying income sources allows NGOs to manage operational risks and maintain project continuity, while accurate cost estimation improves resource allocation and facilitates access to funding. Expense reduction practices streamline operations and strengthen organizational focus on core activities. The study recommends that NGOs invest in staff training on budgeting and financial management, adopt advanced technologies to improve financial processes, enhance partnerships with local businesses and community stakeholders, and prioritize transparency and accountability in all financial dealings. The findings provide valuable insights for NGO management, donor communities, and academics interested in promoting accountability and sustainable financing in the nonprofit sector.
Keywords: Financial Sustainability, Cost Management Strategies, Budgetary Control, Income Diversification, Cost Estimation.
Title: Linking Cost Management Strategies to Financial Sustainability: A Study of NGO Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Author: Robert Kirimi Samana, Morrisson Mutuku
International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations
ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)
Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026
Page No: 863-872
Research Publish Journals
Website: www.researchpublish.com
Published Date: 20-March-2026
