Abstract: The use of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV’s) is rapidly increasing in civilian and military applications, but their cost, accessibility and easy usage make them potential tools for malicious activities. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of current SUAV detection and classification techniques. The SUAV detection methods include Radar Based Sensing, RF signal analysis, Acoustic signatures and Vision based systems. Findings show that single-sensor methods are insufficient, while hybrid approaches combining micro-Doppler, RF, and acoustic signatures offer higher detection accuracy. For precise SUAV navigation, this review discusses RTK GPS technology which uses carrier phase measurements and Integer ambiguity resolution by LAMBDA method for sub-centimetre accuracy. This paper also discusses IMU sensor integration with GPS sensor to provide high accuracy and real time positioning and navigation. The study also analyses Line of Sight (LOS) alignment strategies for air-to-ground and air-to-air communication, comparing gimbal-based alignment with monopulse tracking and FSOC based approaches. While gimbal mechanisms are reliable but slow, monopulse and EKF-based methods provide faster and more precise alignment. Overall, effective SUAV surveillance requires multi-sensor integration, advanced signal processing, and robust communication links. Future improvements in AI-driven fusion, swarm-based detection, GNSS alternatives, and autonomous FSO alignment can significantly enhance system reliability and performance.
Keywords: SUAV, Micro-Doppler, RTK GPS, NMEA, RTCM, LoRa, NTRIP.
Title: Review on SUAV targets positioning and tracking with RTK GPS systems for LOS maintenance
Author: Aryan Mahindre, Aditya Raut, A.A. Bazil Raj, G. N. Gaikwad
International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews
ISSN 2348-697X (Online)
Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025
Page No: 38-54
Research Publish Journals
Website: www.researchpublish.com
Published Date: 10-December-2025
