Abstract: This study sought to examine the effect of individualized consideration of head teachers on students' engagement in extracurricular activities in public primary schools in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. The study was guided by Transformational Leadership Theory and individualized consideration in particular. Individualized consideration refers to the recognition of individual needs and the provision of personalized assistance, guidance, mentorship and developmental opportunities. Pragmatism research philosophy and mixed methods were adopted in order to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The study involved 218 respondents: 196 teachers and 22 head teachers. Data were collected through distribution of questionnaires among teachers and interviews with head teachers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data – thematically. It has been found out that individualized consideration of head teachers has a positive effect on students' engagement in extracurricular activities. Head teachers consider individual needs of learners in organizing activities, provide guidance and mentorship, assure equal opportunity for participation, listen to the suggestions of teachers and students and adapt activities according to the individual interests and abilities of learners. Moreover, it has been found out that head teachers support teachers responsible for extracurricular programs, provide resources needed, promote continuous improvement and long-term planning in order to make sure that the programs are sustainable. Findings of interviews have confirmed these results. Head teachers pay attention to recognition of students' talents and interests, individualized guidance, communication, teacher support, resource mobilization and program planning. Thus, the study has revealed that individualized consideration creates a favorable environment for the engagement of students in extracurricular activities. Recommendations of this study include the need for head teachers to pay special attention to individualized guidance, recognition of talents and interests of learners, equality in participation opportunities and extracurricular programs support.
Keywords: Individualized consideration; head teachers; students' engagement; extracurricular activities; transformational leadership; public primary schools.
Title: THE EXPLORATION OF HOW HEAD TEACHERS’ INDIVIDUALIZED CONSIDERATION INFLUENCES STUDENTS’ ENGAGEMENT IN EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY, TANZANIA
Author: Richard S.Bilingi, Maua Mpiza, Wadrine Maro
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research
ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 14, Issue 4, October 2026 - December 2026
Page No: 196-202
Research Publish Journals
Website: www.researchpublish.com
Published Date: 21-October-2026
