Vol 13 Issue 1 April 2025-September 2025

Abstract: Background:  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by bacteria that mostly affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze, or spit. After COVID-19 TB is the second leading infectious killer and death worldwide. Our study assessed the patients’ knowledge of Tuberculosis transmission mode, Risk Factors, and drug resistance in the AL-Anbar Governorate.                                                                           

Methodology: A cross-sectional study design using a nonprobability sampling of (176) Tuberculosis patients registered at the Tuberculosis Health Center in Ramadi City-Iraq in 2022-2023. A questionnaire sheet was used, and a p-value of less than (0.05) was considered significant.

Results: Ninety percent were over 40 years with a mean of 57±13.4. Most of them were males, married, and farmers. Less than a quarter (20%) with a family income<500,000 Iraqi dinar but more than half (68%) between (500,000 -750,000) Iraqi dinar monthly.  (65%) of the total patients were old cases. Regarding the knowledge of the mode of transmission, more than a quarter said by crowding 51(29%) but less said by cough 40(23%), 32(18%) family history, 23(13%) direct contact, and (17%) didn’t know with a statistical significance with education. Regarding risk factors, less than half 70(40%) were smokers but more than a quarter 53(30%) had hypertension, and some of them 27(15%) had diabetes and the same percentage had renal diseases. For drug resistance, a small number of 25(14%) was reported as a secondary line resistant to isoniazid, most of them were males and more than a quarter were smokers. More than a quarter (29%) of the patients had extrapulmonary TB before the age of 50 years while 71% had it after 50 years old with a statistical significance with age.

Conclusions: Middle-aged males with low income were most affected, a small number had secondary line resistance to isoniazid drug. There was a moderate knowledge of the transmission mode affected by education. The most common risk factors were smoking and hypertension.                                                                                                                         

Keywords: Knowledge of Transmission Mode, Risk Factor, Drug Resistance.                 

Title: Assessment of Patients Knowledge of Tuberculosis Transmission Mode, Risk Factors and Drug Resistance in AL Anbar, Governorate, Iraq 2022-2023

Author: B N Abdul-Fatah, H O Mashaan, A K Awad

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 55-60

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 23-April-2025

Abstract: Introduction: Leptospirosis, or Weil's disease, is the most common zoonotic infection. Weil's disease is caused by infection with the spirochete bacterium Leptospira. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition that often occurs in the final stages of Weil's disease. Although there is no definite consensus on renal replacement therapy (RRT) in severe leptospirosis patients, early diagnosis allows for earlier hemodialysis, which appears to be associated with a better prognosis. Therefore, this case report will present a case of Weil's disease undergoing hemodialysis as early management.

Case Description: A 64-year-old male patient came to Buleleng Regional Hospital on May 15, 2023, complaining of yellowing of the eyes and skin for 7 days. The patient had also experienced nausea and vomiting for 7 days. The patient also complained of fever for 10 days. Supportive examinations were non-reactive anti-HCV and reactive anti-Leptospira IgM. The patient was diagnosed with Weil's disease, acute kidney injury (AKI), with a differential diagnosis of acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) and anuria.

Conclusion: Patients with leptospirosis infection are generally associated with kidney involvement related to the need for hemodialysis, which can increase mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and management in the form of hemodialysis is needed to improve quality of life and reduce mortality.

Keywords: hemodialysis, leptospirosis, Weil's disease.

Title: Weil's Disease Early Diagnosis and Management: a Case Report

Author: Ni Komang Rani Juli Antari, Dwiputra Yogi Pramarta

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 49-54

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 23-April-2025

Abstract: The routine use of Intravenous prophylactic antiemetics with Intravenous opioid analgesics is common practice in the Emergency & Trauma Department (ETD) of Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah (HTAN) to prevent opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. However, this practice has dubious clinical benefits, generates additional costs, and might expose patients to potentially adverse effects. Approximately 6000 ampules of IV Metoclopramide are used by ETD HTAN annually. The sum seems ignorable, but in 10 years, this may total over RM1,000,000. The study aimed to evaluate the benefit of intravenous metoclopramide prophylaxis in patients receiving intravenous tramadol for acute pain relief. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the ETD of HTAN using convenient sampling. Patient details were extracted from the medical record via standardized data collection form and analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. A total of 272 patients were included, half of whom were given intravenous Metoclopramide prophylactically. The overall incidence of nausea in the study population was 12.1%, with most cases rated mild. Only two patients (0.7%) in the metoclopramide group vomited within 2 hours of intravenous tramadol administration, which did not demonstrate a statistically significant association between metoclopramide prophylaxis and reduced emesis episode (P= 0.498, Fisher's exact test). The low incidence of nausea and vomiting does not warrant the prophylactic use of intravenous Metoclopramide in tramadol-treated patients, suggesting a need to educate ETD medical officers on the findings to implement change in the routine prescribing practice in HTAN and subsequent cluster hospitals.

Keywords: metoclopramide, tramadol, nausea, vomiting, emesis, prophylaxis.

Title: Prophylactic Intravenous Metoclopramide Use in Patients Given Intravenous Tramadol: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study [TRAMAX STUDY]

Author: Keerthy Venthen Krishna Kumar, Yu Xin Tan, Pavithrah Asogan

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 44-48

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 23-April-2025

Abstract: Background: The ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) to Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) is crucial in evaluating respiratory function and diagnosing pulmonary conditions. While environmental and genetic factors are well-documented, less is known about the potential influence of temperamental types, or Mizaj, on lung function. Mizaj, derived from traditional medical concepts, categorizes individuals based on physical and psychological characteristics, which may affect health outcomes, including respiratory performance. This study investigates the FEV1/FVC ratio in young adults with reference to different Mizaj.

Objective: The aim was to investigate to what extent different ratios of FEV₁ /FVC were associated with different mizaj and determine if Mizaj influences lung function.

Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 young adults categorized into four Mizaj types: Damvi, Balghami, Safravi, and Saudavi. Spirometric measurements, including FEV1 and FVC, were taken, and the FEV1/FVC ratio was calculated for each participant. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to compare the FEV1/FVC ratio across Mizaj groups, with post-hoc pairwise comparisons performed for statistical significance.

Results: The study revealed significant FEV1/FVC ratio differences across the different Mizaj. The Damvi group exhibited the highest mean FEV1/FVC ratio, suggesting better lung function than other Mizaj groups. The Saudavi group showed the lowest mean FEV1/FVC ratio, indicating potentially reduced pulmonary function. Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between Damvi and Saudavi (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed between other Mizaj pairs.

Conclusion: The FEV1/FVC ratio differs significantly between Mizaj types, with Damvi individuals showing better lung function than Saudavi individuals. These findings suggest that the Mizaj type may influence pulmonary function, and further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and their clinical implications.

Keywords: FEV1/FVC ratio, Mizaj, Lung function, Young adults, Respiratory health, Observational study.

Title: THE RATIO OF FEV1/FVC IN YOUNG HEALTHY ADULTS WITH REFERENCE TO DIFFERENT MIZAJ: AN OBSERVATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Author: Shaikh Nilofar, Km. Fizza Fatma, Shaikh Sofia Tarannum, Uzma Almas, Mohd.Salman, Tanweer Alam, Yusuf Jamal, Ataullah fahad

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 32-43

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 17-April-2025

Abstract: Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus. Its incidence has risen in recent years due to the decline in immunity from previous smallpox infections and the cessation of smallpox vaccinations following its eradication. This article reviews published studies and webpages from various organizations, focusing on the history and updates of mpox outbreaks and their management. Research articles, book chapters, review articles, and other pertinent literature were gathered from online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central. Mpox morbidity can range from mild to severe, with secondary complications that may be fatal. Several outbreaks have occurred in recent decades. The recent global outbreak of mpox, which began in May 2022, primarily affected men who have sex with men. The increase in the global spread of mpox has gained international attention and in 2024, mpox was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Smallpox has played a vital role in the management of mpox through research on treatments and vaccines. The eradication of smallpox provides hope for effective control of mpox, as eradicating mpox may be challenging due to the presence of nonhuman hosts. Surveillance and research are crucial in achieving this objective.

Keywords: Mpox, monkeypox, history, outbreaks, vaccination, smallpox.

Title: Mpox Outbreaks, Challenges of Management, Smallpox to the Rescue: A Review Article

Author: Chinyerem Cynthia Nwachukwu, Ifeoma Anne Njelita, Ifeanyi Gabriel Eyisi, Amaechi Chinedu Nwachukwu, Chijioke Amara Ezenyeaku

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 24-31

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-April-2025

Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease often accompanied by dyslipidemia, a major cardiovascular risk factor. Genetic variations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene have been implicated in lipid metabolism abnormalities. This study investigates the association of LDLR polymorphisms with dyslipidemia in Iraqi T2DM patients.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 420 type 2 diabetics: 210 patients with dyslipidemia (Cases) and 210 without served as a control group. Serum lipid levels were measured, and LDLR rs688 and rs2228671 SNPs were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.

Results: The variant genotype of the rs688 SNP was significantly associated with dyslipidemia in T2DM patients under the codominant (OR= 1.96, P= 0.018), dominant (OR= 1.62, P= 0.011) and recessive (OR= 1.96, P= 0.018) models.  Also, the variant genotype of the rs2228671 SNP was significantly associated with dyslipidemia under the codominant (OR= 1.49, P= 0.043), dominant (OR= 1.62, P= 0.011) and recessive (OR=1.96, P=0.018) models. Carriers of the TT genotypes of the two SNPs exhibited lower HDL-c levels than those of the reference genotypes.

Conclusion: Carriers of the variant genotypes of the rs688 and rs2228671 SNPs have a 1.5-to 2-fold risk of dyslipidemia development relative to those with wild genotypes. The TT genotype is implicated in lowering high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c). The study explores the importance of identifying at-risk individuals and guiding personalized lipid-lowering interventions to reduce cardiovascular complications in T2DM.

Keywords: LDL receptor, T2DM, Dyslipidemia, rs688, rs2228671.

Title: Association of LDL Receptor Polymorphisms with Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from the Iraqi Population

Author: Thualfeqar G M Almohanna, Ibrahim Rahem Jassim Al-Aadily, Maha Radhi Abass, Majid Kadhum Hussain

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 16-23

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-April-2025

Abstract:  In Rwanda, pneumonia is still public health concern among under five children with a prevalence of 23% as well attributes to 9% mortality.  The main objective of this study was to assess Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers on pneumonia prevention in children under five years attending Nyagatare district hospital. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Nyagatare district hospital inpatient and outpatient maternal and child clinic from March to May 2024. A total of 423 mothers’ of under five children were assessed for socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitude and practices using a various indicators in management of pneumonia. We examined any correlations between the variables affecting knowledge, attitude, and practices in respect to the treatment of pneumonia. To determine the factors influencing a mother's knowledge, attitudes, and practices, logistic regression was employed. Data analysis was conducted where by IBM SPSS package version 23  was used and  all of questions about knowledge of mothers on childhood pneumonia were scored on 16, mothers who had 0-6 score had poor knowledge, mothers who had 7-12 score moderate knowledge and those with 13-16 score had  good knowledge. For question related to attitude of mothers about childhood pneumonia was scored on 5, those with 0-1 score had poor attitude, from 2-3 score had moderate attitude and those with 4-5 score had good attitude. About practices of mothers toward childhood pneumonia, mothers were scored on 5, those with 0-1score had poor practices, those with 1-2 score had moderate practices and 4-5score had good practices.  In 423 mothers, we found that 82.7% had moderate knowledge, 17.3% had good knowledge. About attitude, majority of mothers (78.1%) had good attitude while 20.9% of mothers had moderate attitude and 1% had poor attitude. On practices of mothers, about 73% had good practices, 26.5% had poor practices and 5% had good practices. Majority of mothers (84.2%) choose cold temperature or change of weather as cause of pneumonia, about the signs and symptoms of pneumonia, majority of mothers (23.4%) chose difficulty in breathing. Mothers who previously had a child suffering from pneumonia were approximately 6 times more likely to have knowledge of pneumonia than those who did not (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 6.3 [95% CI 1.4-27.9]). Subsequently, mothers with more than three children were more likely to have knowledge of pneumonia compared to mothers with three or less children (AOR13.0 [95% CI 2.7-62.9]) and also those with higher levels of education compared to those with reduced levels of education (AOR 14.3 [95% CI 1.3-161.3]). In relation to health care seeking when a child is suspected of pneumonia, the majority of mothers (71.9%) visit nearly health center or health post. Majority of mothers (91.8%) seek care before 24 hours when suspect that the child ill pneumonia while few of mothers (8.2%) do it after 24 hours. Our research shows that mothers have gap about knowledge as we found that 82.7% had moderate knowledge. Thus, need to reinforce on health promotion activities to improve health seeking behaviors for sick children.

Keywords: public health, mother's knowledge, childhood pneumonia, treatment of pneumonia.

Title: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF MOTHERS’ ON PNEUMONIA PREVENTION IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS ATTENDING NYAGATARE DISTRICT HOSPITAL, RWANDA

Author: Niyonsaba Jean Claude., Kinara Eric., Dr. Kalisa Richard

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 1, April 2025 - September 2025

Page No: 1-15

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 02-April-2025