Vol 9 Issue 2 April 2021-June 2021

Abstract: Avocado plant`s fruits have high amounts of fats, proteins and fibre. Phytophthora cinnamomi fungal causes avocado root rot that is devastating to growth. The pathogen combined with flooding leads to asphyxiation, root decay and eventually death. Several studies have evaluated the tolerance of different avocado rootstocks to Phytophthora cinnamomi, there are few studies in Kenya that characterized the pathogen and evaluated the effect of the pathogen on the physiology of avocado rootstocks under flooding. The objectives of this study therefore were to determine physiological responses of avocado rootstocks to the fungus under water logging conditions. Rootstocks; Puebla, Fuerte, Booth7 and Pinkerton were obtained from orchards in Maseno, Nyando, Kisumu East and Budalangi of Western Kenya. The fungus was isolated from the soil by planting on selective medium and by baiting methods. Avocado rootstocks were planted in 10 litre plastic pots containing sand - soil mixture of ratio 1:2 for 3 months, inoculated under flooded and non-flooded conditions. Experiment was laid in a CRD within greenhouse. Data on chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence were collected then subjected to analysis of variance. Means separation and comparison was done using LSD at 0.05. Flooding and inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) reduced chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll concentration and, reduced Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and ETR of rootstocks. This was an indication that photosynthetic apparatus were affected. This contributed to the reduction in overall avocado growth. Interactions between treatments and avocado rootstocks were significantly different for the parameters. Puebla rootstocks responded better to flooding and P. cinnamomi inoculation, and were therefore recommended for growing in flood affected regions of Kenya where P. cinnamomi infestation is also a common problem.

Keywords: Avocado rootstocks, Flooding, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Physiological response, Chlorophyll fluorescence.

Title: Effect of Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculation on chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of four avocado (Persea americana Mill.) rootstocks seedlings grown under water logging conditions.

Author: Shiranda M. A.,Musyimi D. M., Mmayi  M. P.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Nanomedicine (drug) and nano delivery systems is a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve  as a means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner.  The present study consists of synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles using chemical methods.  The drugs used for the research belong to schedule H and P.  For the experimental purpose, Silver nanocolloid solution was prepared chemically by the reduction of silver salt using trisodium citrate silver Nanoparticles synthesis using wet chemical method through reducing Ag2+ to Ag0 state. The Nanoparticles synthesised will be characterised using different instrumental techniques such as UV- Vis, DLS, and SEM.

Keywords: Silver nano particles (Ag-NPs), reducing agent, SEM, schedule drugs.

Title: SYNTHESIS OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN DRUG QUALIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION

Author: KOMAL G. RAKHOLIYA, Dr. Shivani Pandya

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to examine the impact of different soya bean processing methods and the effect of processed soya bean on gut development of broiler chickens. For this purpose, a 56-day research was conducted on 400 ROSS 308 broiler chickens which are raised under good intensive system of management in Federal Polytechnic Bali teaching and research farm. In achieving this, birds were assigned to five (5) treatment and sample size of six (6) per pen was used with eight replications. Gut measurement, and carcass analysis was done on the trial day (56).  Data were analyzed using ANOVA in SPSS and Likert scaling techniques. Confidence and significance at 95% and P <0.05 respectively was used. The research findings showed that no significant difference p>0.05 was observed in all the parameters tested. Although, there is a significant increase of 1.89cm and 2.1cm in ileum length, 2.92cm and 2.97cm Duodenum width and 87.57cm and 71.00 small intestine in treatment D and E. This suggests an increased surface area for greater absorption of nutrients in treatment D and E. The best mean score observed in Performance, carcass characteristic , organ characteristic , and economics were on treatment A, D and E with a mean score of 2.6, 2.8 and 2.3 respectively. It is therefore recommended that further research need to be conducted on difference processing time of each method.

Keywords: Processing methods, soya bean, gut development broilers.

Title: Effects of varying processing methods of soya bean on gut development of broiler chickens

Author: Anthony, A. A. Waba, Y. E. Bandawa, G. J.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Medicinal plants have the potential to provide compounds of novel and complex structures that are capable of interacting with biological systems. The research into plants with medicinal use as anti-inflammatory and pain relievers is considered as a fruitful and logical strategy in the search for a new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Although a large number of synthetic and clinically useful anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs are available in the market, the search for new effective drugs with meaningful safety profile remains vital. Adult albino rats of both sexes weighing between 150-200g/w were used for the experiment and the result obtained showed that the methanol root extract of S. Latifolius significantly reduced inflammation. The extract was found to inhibit carrageen induced paw oedema significantly (P<0.05) by inhibiting mediators of inflammation. This suggests that the extract possess both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity that might be mediated through a common mechanism. Similarly the toxicity profile of the plant extract was assayed and the result obtained showed that there are no signs of toxicity at the acute level but long exposure can pose a threat to healthy living as revealed by the result of the sub-chronic toxicity. It is therefore established that the methanol extract of S. Latifolius has anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords: Analgesic, Methanol, Root, screening, Activity.

Title: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND TOXICITY PROPERTIES OF METHANOL ROOT EXTRACT OF SARCOCEPHALUS LATIFOLIUS IN ALBINO RATS

Author: Jude Nwaogu, Mbongo, A.N.L, Yanah Y.M, Zange,G.G

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: There exist many recalls of biological, physical, and chemical nature listed on the United States Food and Drug Administration’s ‘live’ Recalls, Market, and Safety Alert Registry, which indicates failure in the production process. Of the 1593 entries as of 5/10/2021, 1001 or 62.8% affects the food and beverage industry alone; understanding that not all recalls are listed on this registry. Of the 1001 entries, 679 or 67.8% have been terminated meeting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of termination. Of the 1001, an estimated 40.16% were biological, 55.44% chemical including allergen, and 3.89% physical by nature. While much focus is placed on ready to eat facilities as the final stage pre-consumer, one cannot overlook further upstream in the production process such as pre-processors, whereby if prevented at this stage it reduces the risk of potential hazards getting to consumers. The verification and validation steps of pre-processors prerequisite programs become vital in this fight to ensuring consumers receive safe and highest quality product. The production process remains a dynamic beast especially during these unprecedented times of a global pandemic, but a quick look at the registry will note that even during such strenuous times, recalls are still being made which impact all processors in the production process as some companies in recent history have even shut their doors permanently after recall. The focus of this paper therefore considers steps that may be taken by pre-processors to verify and validate their prerequisite programs especially when controls are not in place, thereby reducing risk downstream.

Keywords: Recall, pre-processors, verification, validation, prerequisite programs, consumers.

Title: Combating Food Safety Recalls Upstream, Dissecting the Recalls, Market, and Safety Alert Registry

Author: Delano A. Chambers, Donesh Johnson-Drummond

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A mixed method research consisted of quantitative and qualitative carried out using descriptive and experiemental research design aimed to compare agroecological benefit of nine seeded holes and traditional farming on maize production in Singida rural district, Tanzania. A total of 50 respondents with the experience of using nine seeded holes and traditional farming for more than three cropping season and aged 18 years and above were included in the study. The sample size was calculated using kothari 2004. Data was collected using questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussion and pairwise ranking whereby field experimental data was collected using observation and keeping record of changes. All data collected was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis was analysed through SPSS-26 and Rstudio. Whereas qualitative material was analyzed by using NVivo-12 software and chi-squire and anova test was used to test the level of significance. The study discovered that nine seeded holes technology is much more productive than traditional farming system and has more agroecological profit and benefits compared to traditional farming in maize production in semi arid area.

Keywords: comparative agroecological, profit, benefit, nine seeded holes technology, traditional farming.

Title: A Comparative Study on Agroecological Benefits of Nine Seeded Holes Technology and Traditional Farming in Singida Rural District, Tanzania

Author: Augustine Keya, Dr Dominick Ringo, Josephine Ng’ang’a, Emanuel lyatuu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) are getting more easier as the Pharmaceutical scientist are increasing their better perception towards the physicochemical and biochemical boundaries pertinent to their presentation. Recent improvements have introduced reasonable dose choices for patients who may experience issues in taking tablets or fluids. Mouth Dissolution Tablets (ODTs) have the interesting property of quickly dissolving and delivering the medication when they come into contact with salivation. ODTs are more significant for geriatric, paediatric, and confined to bed patients as they experience issues of swallowing and those with dysphasia. It is generally helpful for patients who are travelling and occupied patients who don't have simple admittance to water. Advances in this technology have empowered the improvement of an affordable and better technique for treating illness while keeping away from different issues related to other administration frameworks.

Keywords: Orally Disintegrating tablets, Direct compression, Taste masking, Mechanisms of Orally Disintegrating tablets.

Title: Orally Disintegrating Tablets: an Over Review

Author: R.Priyadharshini, Dr.R.Murali

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence toxicity includes the dosage, route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. The goal of toxicity assessment is to identify adverse effects of a substance. Adverse effects depend on two main factors: i) routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, or dermal) and ii) dose (duration and concentration of exposure). To explore dose, substances are tested in both acute and chronic models. Methanol is an industrial chemical used after 1800s. It is a toxic. This chemical are used to produce biodiesel and also used in ethanol manufacturing industries as a denaturant additive. Glutathione peroxidase is associated with insurance against oxidative pressure, and accordingly utilizes glutathione as a substrate. Glutathione likewise goes about as a substrate in other detoxifying proteins against oxidative pressure, for example, glutathione transferees. The present study has been undertaken to understand effect of Methanol on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity on freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala.

Keywords: Methanol, Superoxide Dismutase, Cirrhinus mrigala.

Title: Toxicological studies of Methanol on Glutathione PeroXidase (GPx) activity of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala

Author: MADHAV BHILAVE

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals