Vol 7 Issue 1 April 2019-September 2019

Abstract: Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) films were synthesised using hydrothermal method, while varying the surfactants as Polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidon, polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol. The XRD reveal characteristic peaks of CZTS (112) and (220) for the sample synthesised using polyacrilic acid and in addition, numerous other peaks were observed for the remaining samples synthesised. The average crystallite sizes range between 8.76 and 19 nm. Raman spectra of the films reveal CZTS peaks of 338, 351 and 252 cm^-1for samples synthesised using polyacrilic acid precursor while ZnS, SnS, Cu₃SnS₃, Cu₃SnS₄, Sn₂S₃ secondary and ternary phases were observed for other surfactants in addition to the 338 CZTS peak. SEM image show spherical nanoparticles and agglomerated nanosphere-like shapes. The Cu: Zn: Sn: S atom ratios were close to stoichiometry for polyacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidon surfactants. There is significant deviation from stoichiometry for the other surfactants. The average surface roughness was between 800 and 2000 nm. The bandgap energy obtained from the optical characterisation varied between 1.51 eV and 1.56 eV.

Keywords: Cu₂ZnSnS₄, Hydrothermal, Surfactant, Thin film, Reaction Duration, Morphology, Stoichiometry.

Title: Influence of Surfactants on the Morphology and Stoichiometry of Hydrothermally Synthesised Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films for Solar cell Application

Author: Kasim Ibrahim Mohammed, Kasim Uthman Isah, Uno Esang Uno, Abdullahi Mann, Nafarizal Nayan

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: Standard and Cosmological Models bring about such a number of controversial questions,  liable to confusions and embarrassments, which justifies the convenience of carrying out a review of the principles and development of Theoretical Physics, based in relativity,  which   is established around two fundamental constants,  c  and  h, that constitute the “absolute” inherent in electromagnetic radiation,  so any physical quantity linked to them, such as  mass and time, must be variables (not constant), that is, they are physical quantities  “indeterminate”, that  can not  be accepted by Classical Mechanics, but may be couple with  Quantum Theory. 

General Theory of Relativity is established by mathematical tensor  analysis  applied to the kinematics Interval of the Special Theory, giving rise to the Einteins equation, which aims to integrate Gravitation, based on a space-time curvature;  but when it is carried out on the dynamics Interval (four-momentum),  it appears another curvature, so-called  torsion,  due to  the fields (scalar and  vector  potentials),  which produces  a force of  electromagnetic nature, equivalent to a stress-energy  tensor  that may give physical meaning to the Ricci tensor of Einstein equation.

This equation should be  complementary to the  gravitational one, which can not accept any  potential vector,  so  the  paradigm to which physical laws must conform is  Duality and not Unification; with this dichotomy, that is, Classical Mechanics vs   Quantum Electrodynamics,  it would be possible  to overcome some epistemological problems  such as spacetime curvature, the failure of  gravity  quantization, supersymmetry,  string theory, entanglement,  renormalization,  dark matter, dark energy, etc.

Keywords: absolute, relative frames, electromagnetic mass, curvilinear space-time, torsión. 

Title: THE UNIFICATION THEORY IN PHYSICS

Author: Francisco Martinez Flores

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: A fraction (a/b) can be expressed as the sum of N unit fractions. Such representations are known as Egyptian fractions. In general, each a/b   can be expressed by several different Egyptian fraction expansions. In this paper, we present a generalized formula for   when N=3 for all positive integers n.

Keywords: Egyptian Fraction, Unit Fraction, Shortest Egyptian Fraction.

Title: ON EXPANDING 4/n INTO THREE TERM EGYPTIAN FRACTION

Author: A.U. Moyi, Y.A. Hamza

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: This work is undertaken to compare the efficiency of NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors on determination of the activity concentrations of the primordial radionuclides in the soil samples. NaI(Tl) and HPGe set-up located at National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR), University of Ibadan, Nigeria were used for the analysis. The activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples ranged from 8.82 - 44.22 Bq/kg, 11.02 - 43.96 Bq/kg, and 57.45 - 527 Bq/kg respectively for HPGe analysis, and from 0.16  - 11.28 Bq/kg, 0.10  - 7.31 Bq/kg, and 113.26  - 589.01 Bq/kg respectively for NaI(Tl) analysis. HPGe detector recorded higher activity concentrations of 238U and 232Th, hence more efficient in detecting nuclides with low energies than the NaI(Tl) detector. Whereas, NaI(Tl) detector recorded higher activity concentration of 40K, and is more efficient in detecting nuclides of high energies than HPGe detector. Therefore, we conclude that HPGe detector is more efficient in detecting gamma rays of low energy, but less efficient in detecting gamma ray of high energy compare to the NaI(Tl) detector.

Keywords: NaI(Tl) detector, HPGe detector, Activity Concentrations, Efficiency.

Title: A Comparative Study of NaI(Tl) and HPGe Detectors on Determination of the Activity Concentrations of 40K, 232Th and 238U in Soil Samples

Author: Christopher M. Odoh, Moses E. Onudibia, Amaitem J. Iseh, John A. Ocheje, Bumi J. Akeredolu, Yangde A. Ezekiel, Matthew U. Mgbukwu

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: Relativity provides the right approach to clarify the true meaning of mass: elementary particles (leptons), with no internal structure, have mass of  electromagnetic nature and “virtual” (not inertial), whose interactions occur in  an abstract or “inner” space established  by Quantum Field Theory.

This space, connected to the phases of the wave functions or fields,  is established from  an  interactive network corresponding to the strong interaction and completed by weak interaction (with the concourse  of the electromagnetic one), giving rise to the compound particles (hadrons), which are able to  form the atoms and molecules, whose structure provides  the necessary condition for the “inertia” corresponding to  the mass of tangible bodies, that are manifested  at the “exterior” space, according to  the laws of  Classical Mechanics and Chemistry.

Keywords: relativistic mass, inertial mass, charge and symmetry gauge.

Title: MASS AND QUANTUM THEORY

Author: Francisco Martínez Flores.

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: It is introduced the concept of quantum particle, characterized by its charge as a fundamental magnitude, since the relativistic mass appears as a quantity derived from it and other electromagnetic quantities; these particles correspond to the many-particle representation in Quantum Field Theory, so their characteristics are different from the “inertial” masses that obey the laws of Chemistry and Classical Mechanics.   

Quantum particles  set up  an “inner” space, induced by  charges and represented by  fields, which can be arranged  in three levels, according to their energies: a)  strong, as the origin of the real or inertial mass corresponding to hadrons;  b) weak, for formation of atomic nuclei; c)  electromagnetic, responsible of electronic structure of atoms and molecules.

Physical quantities, that is, the quantum numbers, appear as a result of the transformations produced by Lie Group on the fields, which conform to the conditions imposed by Lie Algebra, in line with Gauge Symmetry.

Keywords: Quantum particle, coupling constant, electromagnetic mass.

Title: CHARGE IN QUANTUM THEORY

Author: Francisco Martínez Flores

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: This study investigated the causes and cases for sound interventions of mathematics anxiety, a feeling of tension and anxiety that interferes with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in ordinary life and academic situations. College students were interviewed using an interview-guide and thematic analysis was employed in analyzing the data gathered. Results revealed that most of the participants’ math anxiety is attributed to their elementary and high school experiences. Students felt anxious about mathematics when they had to communicate their knowledge in mathematics. Teaching mathematics and/or being evaluated in mathematics were particularly noted as stressful and mathematics topics like multiplication, division and different formula in the elementary level, basic calculus and problem solving in high school were specifically identified to cause math anxiety. Significantly, the mathematics teacher is one of the causes of mathematics anxiety among the students. The study recommends that students avoid their negative beliefs and towards mathematics to lessen their anxiety.

Keywords: Education, Mathematics, Anxiety, Negative Perception.

Title: Mathematics Anxiety: Causes and Cases for Sound Intervention

Author: Richy D. Dequito

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: Academic Performance is a measurement of a degree of success in performing specific tasks in a subject or area study by student after a learning experience. This study aimed at determining whether there is a gender difference in student’s academic performance, in Statistics Department Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, based on two session results. The data obtained were subjected to t-test statistics to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that, gender has significant difference on student’s academic performance in both 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 academic session in favour of males’ student. Therefore it was recommended that the polytechnic should address the issue on the need for gender equality in the department in terms of enrolment to have equal chance for female students to do well as their male counterpart.

Keywords: Gender difference, Academic performance, T-test.

Title: GENDER DIFFERENCE IN STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A T-TEST APPROACH

Author: Kumur J.H, Dahiru S, Bongi V.L, Elishama L. J, Alvary K, Tanzamado K.O

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: Crude oil being the main source of energy in Kenya, oil investors and policymakers would benefit greatly if they understand the behaviors of the oil imports and how it affects the Kenyan oil market. This is because oil import prices experience serious fluctuations, making the Kenyan oil market unstable and exposing it to great risks. The objective of this study is to model the risk of the daily crude oil import prices in Kenya from 2005 to 2018. To model the oil price volatility, several heteroscedastic models were fitted and their AICS compared. The EVT approach is also employed in determining the VaR and CTE. The results of this study reveal that the returns are stationary, non-normal and presence of ARCH effects whicht justified the application of the ARCH models. This paper adopted EGARCH(2,1) model as the best to model the volatility. EGARCH (2,1) results indicated the presence of asymmetric effects that can be attributed to leverage effects. Secondly, there was a clear indication of volatility persistence. Point estimates of extreme tail risk measure were estimated at sufficiently high probability levels 99.9%, 99.5% and 99%. The Value-at-Risk gave quantitative  information  for the  extent of potential extreme risks in oil  market and the CTE gave a measure of the extra capital an investor should have incase this VaR is exceeded.

Keywords: EGARCH, Volatility persistence, Asymmetric effects, Value-at-Risk, Conditional Tail Expectation.

Title: Modeling the Risk of Crude Oil Import Prices in Kenya

Author: Euchabeth Musenya Muvengei, Proffesor Anthony Gichuhi Waititu, Dr.Joseph Mungatu

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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Abstract: The paper examines the structure and applications of reduced differential transform method (RTDM). This calculation and transformation are used to solve, model, and illustrate complex physical and chemical phenomena and processes. It is considered as easier as and more convenient than other modelling methods. The paper applied RTDM methods to solve three wave examples. The problem is structured, boundary and initial conditions are framed, and the detailed formulas with calculations are provided. Researchers can use these examples in their studies.

Keywords: reduced differential transform method (RTDM), chemical phenomena, wave examples.

Title: Reduced Differential Transform Method (RTDM) for the Wave Equation

Author: NEZAR I.  T. ALSHEMALI

International Journal of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Research  

ISSN 2348-5736 (Online)

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