Vol 6 Issue 1 January 2018-March 2018

Abstract: Health systems require quality data from health information systems to plan for and ensure that the workforce is fully funded and equipped with the necessary commodities, infrastructure, resources, and policies to deliver services. Health data are, in and of themselves, prerequisites to improving each of the other five building blocks. This paper discusses the unique role of health data in strengthening health Information system building blocks of health systems. The overall aim of the paper is to articulate specific interventions that can improve the demand for and use of data in decision making so that improvements in the other health building blocks can be realized. The study adopted an exploratory and descriptive, cross-sectional design. The study objectives was to measure level of knowledge of health managers on data use and learning and examine the capacities of health managers in data use and learning and explore barriers to data use for learning. A structured questionnaire and observation checklist was used to collect data from 125 health managers and 125 management and service delivery offices. The study recommends elimination of paper-based data collection and train and re-train staff on data analysis skills to produce information and interpret also Improve the feedback/supervision system, focusing on checking use of information and comparison among facilities on health services indicators which will improve sharing the use of information and role modelling to promoting a culture of information use. The study recommend for further study on evaluating of impact of various types of training on improvement of data use for action and learning culture and Effect of decentralization and devolution of Health service on data use for action and learning.

Keywords: Data, Decision, Information, Learning, Service Providers and Utilization.

Title: Decentralization of Data Use for Learning in Public Health: Case Study of Nairobi County Kenya

Author: Samuel Biwott, Dr.David Sang, Dr.Peter Memiah, Geoffrey Olado

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: This study investigated the influence of socioeconomic status of households on house ownership in the Buea municipality. Based on the hypotheses that demographic factors, income and Mortgage market innovation have no significant effect on home ownership, data were collected with the aid of questionnaire from a sample of 450 households in the Buea Municipality in the year 2015. The logit regression model was use to formulate the technical links associated with the variables. The result showed that demographic factors, income, and Mortgage market innovation, positively influence households’ ability to own houses. The results were statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance except for gender and education level variables which were insignificant. Furthermore, region of origin variable was negative and statistically significant indicating that households from other regions were more likely to be house owners as opposed to households with South West origin.  It was also found statistically that diaspora remittances contributed to households’ home ownership significantly in the Buea Municipality. We concluded that the socioeconomic status of households significantly influence house ownership in the Buea Municipality. The study recommend the need for more innovation in the mortgage market for greater visibility and ease of access to housing loans by way of reduced loan requirements, creation of one-stop-shop to expedite the process of obtaining building permit and land title documents, and more awareness campaigns on housing loan availability.

Keywords: House/home Ownership, Household, Mortgage Market Innovation.

Title: THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS ON HOUSE OWNERSHIP IN THE BUEA MUNICIPALITY

Author: Ncho Fabian Ntah, Njimanted Godfrey Forgha

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Citizen participation in governance under the 2010 constitution gives the residents of each county the right to be involved in determining their socio economic wellbeing. This would positively influence the performance of county governments. This research sought to study role of citizen participation in performance of devolved government: a case of Laikipia County. Specifically, the study sought to: - analyze the role of citizen participation in project identification on devolved government performance; assess the role of citizen participation in budgetary process on devolved government performance; and determine the role of citizen participation in social audit on devolved government performance in Laikipia County Government. The study findings provides knowledge on the role of citizen participation in performance of the county government since this has not been extensively assessed, the concept of devolved government being a new phenomenon.  The study is of importance to policy makers in the Government (National and County Government) in matters of planning and policy formulation regarding enhancing performance in service delivery. Descriptive research design was used in this study whose target population was 29 village elders, 6 ward administrators and 110 public citizens in Laikipia East Constituency. The sample size was 126 respondents which included 11 village elders, 5 ward administrators and 110 citizens, selected using systematic cluster sampling method. Specifically, multi stage sampling and snow balling sampling techniques, was used to identify respondents. Data was collected using both secondary and primary data collection methods. Primary data collection tools were self-administered questionnaires and interviews, while journals, text books, and internet were used to collect secondary data. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23 and was presented using frequency tables and graphs.

Keywords: Citizen, Performance & Devolved Government.

Title: ROLE OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN PERFORMANCE OF DEVOLVED GOVERNMENTS: A CASE OF LAIKIPIA COUNTY

Author: Milka Kariuki, Dr Ephantus Kihonge

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Organization’s culture has a strong effect on all of those who are attached with the organization. It is considered that culture is invisible but if the organizations want to improve the performance of the employees and profitability, norms are places first to look in to. This research sought to study the role of organizational culture on performance of devolved government in Kenya a case of Laikipia County. Specifically, the study sought to; determine the role of rational management, induction, code of conduct and organizational diversity on enhancing performance of devolved government. Descriptive research design was used for this study whose target population was the employees of Laikipia County Government. A sample of 4 top level management, 20 middle level management and 80 lower level management that total up to 104 respondents were picked from the eight department of the County government using systematic cluster sampling method. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire. Secondary data was also used. Analysis was done using SPSS version 23. The findings of this study was of importance to the management of Laikipia County Government in understanding the success and challenges of organizational culture that enhance performance of devolved government in Kenya. This contributes to improvement in enhancing performance of the employees and the management in the counties. The study will also be of value to the academicians and future researchers as it add knowledge to the field of organizational culture and give an understanding on the relationship between organizational culture and performance of devolved government. Other than adding value to the body of knowledge, the study acts as a basis for further research on various aspects under study.  The findings revealed that culture supplementing rational management positively influences the performance of devolved government. County Government of Laikipia management does training of employees as a type of rational management. The employees do not have a common conviction in decision-making. The employees are not inducted in to the system and the new employees socialization with other employees is enhanced by the managers through team work. The leaders integrate the new employees into the system and new employees do not understand the organization’s employment philosophy. The findings showed that there were no norms prevailing among employees and the management was not committed to the most experienced staff. The code of conduct facilitates the transition from traditional business and there are no standards prevailing that promote creativity and innovation. It was found out that subculture enhancing organizational diversity influences the performance of devolved government positively. Setting of goals was not an aspect of organization diversity that the county management practices. The study recommends that the management to come up with programs of enhancing staff induction, rational management, employees code of conduct and organizational diversity.

Keywords: Role, Performance & Devolved Government.

Title: ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON PERFORMANCE OF DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT IN KENYA: A CASE OF LAIKIPIA COUNTY GOVERNMENT

Author: Mary W. Mwangi, Dr Ephantus Kihonge

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: On May 2011, given the fact that transaction relations between People’s Republic of China and Greece are increasingly stronger, due to the dynamic opening of the PRC to the international markets and the geographically strategic place of Greece in Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, it was announced that the Hellenic Center of Mediation and Arbitration has signed an agreement of cooperation with the CCPIT and its branches. This information was the starting point to explore and further compare the relation between these two completely different mediation systems in depth and to find the golden line of communication between them. In Greece, there have been multiple comparative studies of the Greek Mediation Framework with almost every European Union’s Mediation Framework but not with one from an Eastern country. On the other hand, China’s Mediation Framework has mostly been compared with the United States of America’s Mediation Framework and not with a European Union’s one. The current study will try to explore how two completely different legal orders, an Asian and a European one, have implemented the mediation system, by observing the different way the mediation was introduced to their legal systems and then try to find possible lessons and reforms that they can introduce to each other.

Keywords: Greece, China, mediation, mediation rules, Arb-Med model, comparison.

Title: A Comparative Perspective of the Greek and Chinese Mediation Models

Author: Rodanthi Chatzopoulou

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this  study is to determine the  effectiveness of cooperative learning on the social skills of EFL learners, the study provides definition of cooperative learning strategies by different scholars , the researcher has attempted to discuss the different definitions so as to make the ideas behind cooperative learning clear ,it also affords types of cooperative learning through mentioning three of them , Formal Cooperative Learning Groups, Informal Cooperative Learning Groups, and Cooperative Base Groups,  moreover the study also shows the different cooperative methods such as , Student Team Learning (STL), Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD), Teams Games Tournaments (TGT),Team Assisted Instruction (TAI) ,and Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC), Furthermore the study highlights the relationship between CL Strategies and  Social Skills which focused on the point that students who have never been taught the prerequisite social skills cannot be expected to work  together effectively. Then some social skills haven been mentioned as examples. As well as the Social Interdependence Theory, Finally the researcher concluded this study by suggesting that   in order to implement   cooperative learning strategies, students must have the prerequisite interpersonal and small group skills and be motivated to use them.

Keywords: Cooperative learning, Social skills, EFl learners.

Title: Cooperative learning Methods and Social skills

Author: Omer Mohamed Elghali Abdalla, Dr. Ienas Ahmed Abdelrahman

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: This study examined the causal relationship between Aggregated Imports and Economic Growth of South Africa for the period 1979 to 2014. In this study we use the Granger Causality to estimate the regression equation. The first step is to make the data stationary to avoid spurious regression. Based on the stationarity test results, cointegration tests were conducted to test for the existence of long-run relationship between Aggregated Imports and Economic Growth. The Error Correction Model (ECM) was employed to establish the short-run dynamics and speed of adjustment to the long-run. The estimation results for both the short-run and long-run models revealed that Aggregated Imports have a significant influence on Economic Growth. This was revealed through a uni-directional causality, with Economic Growth granger causing Aggregated Imports for both in the short-run and long-run periods. In the joint period analysis, there was evidence of a bi-directional causality with the two variables influencing each other.

Keywords: Economic growth, Aggregated Imports, Error Correction, Granger Causality, Cointegration.

Title: Aggregated Imports and Economic Growth Nexus of South Africa: A Causal Regression Analysis

Author: Shame Mukoka

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Teacher attrition has become an issue in the Lawra District; education managers recruit and post teachers into the Lawra District, however only 21% of the recruited teachers stay in the district beyond 5 years after recruitment. This study therefore, explored some context specific effects to the phenomena using a case study design within the qualitative-quantitative (mixed concurrent nested) approach to research. The study sought to identify the effects of attrition and the extent to which it affects the pupils’ performance in the BECE. The research used focus-group discussion, semi-structured questionnaire, unstructured interview, and documentary archives to collect data from 59 respondents comprising: Students; Teachers; Teacher union administrators (GNAT); and District education managers. Criterion, expert and snow ball sampling techniques were used. The study found that teacher indiscipline had worsen and pupils in the district had difficulty in being admitted into their first choice Senior High Schools because of very low BECE scores. The district is also spending below 6% of its budgets to attract and retain teachers in the district. It is recommended that the directorate starts and ran a cafeteria and dedicates its proceeds to teacher attraction and retention. Also cluster teaching is suggested in order to ensure that pupils are professionally handled especially in topics that are perceived as difficult.

Keywords: Teacher, Recruitment, Attrition, Effects, Performance.

Title: Effects of Teacher Attrition in the Lawra District of the Upper West Region, Ghana

Author: Bilikpe, Ernest Tengzuyele

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: The growing demand for fish in the developed and developing countries and the recognition of its place as a balanced diet to the rapidly growing population ensuring food security and as a foreign exchange earner are creating immense pressure on the world of fisheries. In the context of modernization and technological changes, jobless growth of fisheries sector and the livelihood of traditional fishers become problems. Modernization and technical changes in fisheries leads to unemployment of traditional fishermen because of industrial fishery. The concern over the jobless growth of fishery and the resulting threat on the livelihood of the traditional fishers in Karnataka form the subject matter of the present study. The study includes descriptive, exploratory and   confirmatory research. It reveals that technological developments resulted in the declining of marine landings in Karnataka. It also identifies the employment generation issues which are directly or indirectly related to technology and modernization. The threats faced by the fishers are related to work environment, capital intensive technology, exploitation of resources, and lack of employment opportunities. It concludes that, the adopted to ameliorate the livelihood conditions of the traditional fishers must be based on the specificity of the need in each particular region. The researcher concluded that the Government should adopt a new fisheries policy aimed at supporting development of small scale community based fisheries activities to create employment and raise family incomes in the lower income coastal regions. The new policy should be part of a wider economic development programme incorporating commercial and small-scale artisanal fishers to contribute to the four themes – sustainability, poverty reduction, inequality reduction and job creation.        

Keywords: Modernisation, overfishing, jobless growth, livelihood threats and community based fisheries.

Title: Impact of Jobless Growth of Fisheries on Livilihood of Traditional Fishermen in Karnataka: A Study

Author: CHANDRASHEKHAR MOGER, Dr. DHANANJAYA K.B.

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: The World Bank (2015) estimates that around 1.01 billion people – 14.5 per cent of the world’s population – still live in extreme poverty (on less than $1.25 per day), with 46.8% of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa experiencing extreme food deficit. This situation is majorly blamed upon climate change effects, thereby putting into question the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices by small holder farmers who are basically the producers of 70% of food crops in the World. In Kenya, most rural families in Nyakach Sub County consume below an average of 91 two kilogram tins per year as recommended by the World Food Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the World Food Programme (WFP) (FAO, IFAD & WFP, 2014). This study sought to investigate the challenges faced by local farmers in adopting climate smart agriculture in Lower Nyakach Division in Kenya. Specific objectives were to: establish how climate change has impacted on food crop production; indigenous climate smart agricultural practices are employed; and the challenges faced by local farmers in adopting climate smart agricultural practices for adaptation to climate change. Descriptive cross sectional design was used on a target population of 2504 households stratified in 4 sub locations. The sample size comprised 10% of the target population as recommended by Gay & Diehl (1992), representing 250 households. Data was collected using structured questionnaire from household heads. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 20. It was found that farmers were aware of common short and inconsistent patterns of rainfall, and floods in the recent past accompanied with strange diseases like Miguna Miguna and invasion of army worms. Multi cropping, intensive weeding, planting early maturing crops, and applying manure on the farms are some of the indigenous climate smart practices. Lack of credit and extension services were some of the challenges faced in adopting climate smart agriculture. It is recommended that extension officers should use village barazas to disseminate climate change information, and that capital support be availed to farmers to enhance their capabilities. Further studies should be done on contribution of radio broadcasts on adaptation to climate change, and effect of climate information flow on adaptation practices to climate change.

Keywords: CSA, Adoption, Climate change, local farmers, Challenges, Rural Agriculture, Capabilities.

Title: CHALLENGES FACED BY LOCAL FARMERS IN ADOPTING CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA) IN LOWER NYAKACH DIVISION

Author: Ochola Sylvance Onyango, Ikanda Fred Nyongesa

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Employee’s Career development and retentionare among the main challenges facing many organizations due to the high rate of employee turnover which continues to make it on the top five lists of challenges whether a firm is driven by the desire to improve Career development and retention of employees towards achieving better organizational performance. The specific objective of the study was to establish the influence of career development strategy on retention of employees in universities in Kenya.The study sought to aid university management boards and councils, employee unions, HR professionals, researchers and scholars and government in policy formulation for Career development strategies as a reliable means to improve retention of employees in universities in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive design. The target population of the study comprised all employees in 70 accredited universities in the Republic of Kenya with a total population of 50,670 employees. The sample size of the study was 384 respondents chosen by simple stratified sampling technique. Questionnaires were the primary data collection tool. Linear regression models were usedto analyze data (descriptive and inferential statistics) using SPSS Version 23 software. The main finding from the study indicated that career development strategy was one of the main factors thatinfluenced retention of employees in universities in Kenya. The study recommended to top University management that each university should invest in the personal development planning process to enhance performance management and enhance capacity building. This requires that they should have a clear strategy that facilitates career progression like counseling, training, furthering studies and delegation of managerial responsibilities to subordinate from time to time. Further, there should be the continuous training of employees on new job skills to make them perform their jobs more efficiently and effectively as well as revise their work details to match skills required.

Keywords: Career development strategies, employee retention.

Title: INFLUENCE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ON RETENTION OF EMPLOYEES IN UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA

Author: Michael Mboya Muma Dr. Joyce Nzulwa, Dr. Kepha Ombui, Prof. Romanus Odhiambo

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Much of Gicumbi District is rural based and majority of the people depend on land for substance; collect grass for their animals, collect water and obtain wood for cooking, and construction of buildings (homes, institutions and business premises) and different land management practices like tree planting, terracing among others have been adopted by the District to improve rural livelihoods of its people. Even though these practices continue to be encouraged and implemented in the district poverty levels have remained high and yet there are very limited studies conducted to assess the impact of these practices on rural livelihoods. Therefore, this study adopted quantitative and qualitative analysis to assess the impact of the activity of tree planting on sustainable rural livelihoods taking Mwange watershed in Gicumbi district as the case study. The watershed is 51 Km away to North of Kigali City, with a total population of 78623 inhabitants organized in 17670 households and only 7552 households with 34229 inhabitants is located in Mwange watershed, and it is only from this population that a study sample was chosen using Slovin’s formula. Questionnaires were used to collect data and later analyzed using descriptive statistics with the help of frequency and percentage tables and summary of community thoughts.  The key findings indicate that before the introduction integrated watershed management practices, n=98 of respondents acknowledged a problem of livelihood decline and only 2% (n=2) respondents never perceived a decline in their livelihoods. Before the introduction of tree planting practice there area was faced with issues of land degradation which resulted into food shortage, poor nutrition and famine thus affecting economic growth of the area. However, on adaptation of tree planting, conditions of living improved due to increased land productivity and sale of forestry products. From the survey conducted, 85% of all the households located in Mwange area have noticed an increase in their household incomes which is being used to fulfill other family needs like medical care, house construction, clothes, cater for school expenses as well as rent farm land. The positive and significant impact of the practice of tree planting on the sustainable rural livelihoods of the people of Mwange watershed is an evident and essential to the sustainable rural development of the watershed. The enhanced income, improved environmental indices, and reduced vulnerabilities of farmers are recognized as new livelihood assets that will influence the future livelihood strategies in the holistic framework. It is concluded that increased land productivity, increased environmental indices and subsidies income as well as diversified livelihood strategies are essential to the sustainable rural development of the rural people. The success of tree planting practice in Mwange watershed strongly supports the future promotion of similar policies elsewhere in the region, as Rwanda continues to experience large-scale transformation within its vast rural areas.

Keywords: sustainable rural livelihoods, watershed, farmers.

Title: Impact of Integrated Watershed Management Practices on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods of the People of Rwanda

Author: LUTAGIRA JACKSON, DR. PATRICK MULYUNGI

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: Natural gas imports in China has been increasing quickly, reflecting a shortage of natural gas supply. I argue that China’s natural gas production is demand driven but not energy price-orientated. Hence, this paper primarily aims to examine if energy prices have influenced natural gas production. Monthly data spanned 2011-2017. Fuel and power price index was used to represent energy prices. CPI was taken into account. The Phillips-Perron test, the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, the Dickey-Fuller generalised-squared test suggested a unit root for three variables. Cointegration did not exist. A conventional vector-autoregression model in first differences was estimated. No Granger causal relationships were suggested. The study suggests that natural gas production in China is rarely impacted by energy prices and CPI and vice versa in the short run as well as in the long run. Increasing demand for natural gas leads to the gas supply shortage, which has encouraged the governmental control on the production. Empirical evidence shows that gas production may not be market-orientated.

Keywords: Natural gas, production, price, demand, long term, short term.

Title: Natural Gas Production and Energy Prices in China

Author: Gaolu Zou

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: This research is an effort to analyze the application "Subconscious Mind and information processing of cognition in teaching and learning of malay essay writing among students. This chapter entitiled “Subconscious mind and information processing of Cognition in Teaching and Learning of Malay Essay Writing among students" is based on hermeneutic analysis. Hermeneutic analysis a method that is used to interpret text and obtain intrinsic meaning from them. Therefore this research uses hermeneutic analysis as an effective means to teach and learn Malay essay writing. The research question of this study is to identify the application of the subconscious mind and cognition on teaching and learning which will aid students in Malay essay writing. This research involves 60 students and 2 teachers as respondents. Findings show that average category students face a number of problems like lack of confidence while obtaining information from a subconscious mind. Lack of confidence is due to a lack of information on issues regarding exam questions and essay ideas which may not be relevant to the marking format. Student also have difficulties in paying attention during class and are bored with memorizing techniques used by teachers in essay writing. Meanwhile, teachers lack teaching aids while, ICT facilities which are not user- friendly and courses attended by teachers on BM essays writing are limited. Findings also suggest that group study, obtaining information from the internet and increasing reading habits are methods used by students to overcome this problem. Meanwhile, the teachers suggest that increasing the number of teaching aids and conducting free extra classes will increase students achievements. Thus, teachers should diversify teaching and learning (T&L) to promote the thinking process that will increase cognition and obtain information from the subconscious mind. As an implication, the Education Ministry should improve the T&L learning of Malay essays writing as a whole, to ensure that teachers practice activities to increase cognition utilising the subconscious mind among students.

Keywords: Subconscious Mind, Information Processing, Hermeneutic Analysis, Malay Essay Writing.

Title: SUBCONSCIOUS MIND AND INFORMATION PROCESSING OF COGNITION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MALAY ESSAY WRITING AMONG STUDENTS

Author: Sriraj Durailimgam

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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Abstract: This paper is an attempt to study the impact of specific library services on the academic success of students in Federal University of Technology, Owerri with a view to unravel if there is any re lationship between specific library services and academic performance of students of FUTO. A test-retest reliability method of two weeks interval was conducted, responses obtained were subjected to Pearson Products Moment Correlation (PPMC) method and a reliability coefficient of 0.83 was obtained. Multistage sampling technique was employed, 1656 respondents were selected for the study, with 89% response rate. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the study, the study found that the significant mean score of Embedded librarian (3.16), Social media (3.13), and circulation services (2.97) were all above average (2.5).  However only Embedded Librarianship services(R=0.994 p-value=0.001<0.05) was found to correlate significantly with the student academic performance. The most utilized services at FUTO library are the internet services, seconded by Book Loan services. It was recommended that more effort should be put on embedded librarian services as it helps students achieve higher test scores.

Keywords: Academic, Library, Services, Success.

Title: THE IMPACT OF SPECIFIC LIBRARY SERVICES ON THE ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI, NIGERIA

Author: Opara, Genevieve Chinedu, Umunnakwe, Getrude Chinwendu

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

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