Vol 11 Issue 2 April 2023-June 2023

Abstract: This study aims to determine the marketing channels for rice and corn commodities and (ii) the level of income of farmers by looking at Farmer Share and Marketing Margins, including Marketing Efficiency on agricultural land affected by the liquefaction and earthquake natural disasters in Sigi and Palu Regencies in 2018. The method used is quantitative descriptive, while the data collection uses observation, interviews and uses a questionnaire instrument. The data obtained shows thatincome in one harvest season of lowland rice farmers in the villages of Oloboju and Jono Oge mostly have income from rice farming ranging from IDR 11,000,000 – IDR 21,000,000 per crop season while corn crops with an average value of IDR 9,357. 000. For each corn marketing channel, a different farmer's share is obtained for each marketing channel. Farmer's share of rice in marketing channel I was 86.95%, higher than Fs in marketing channel II, which was 80.01%. Meanwhile, marketing efficiency on channel I was 2.60% and for efficiency on channel II was 6.83%, so that of the two channels the most efficient was the first marketing channel, which was 2.60%.

Keywords: Marketing and Income Chain, Food Crop, Farmer, Natural Disaster.

Title: Analysis of the Marketing and Income Chain of Food Crop Farmers in Land Affected by Earthquakes and Liquefaction

Author: Mohammad Alfit-Laihi, Rustam Abdul Rauf, Arifuddin Lamusa, Sulaeman Hanafie, Made Antara, Muhammad Basir-Cyio

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 420-431

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Published Date: 30-June-2023

Abstract: The results of research by BNN RI and LIPI in 2019, Central Sulawesi province became one of the largest contributors to drug abuse and was ranked fourth in Indonesia. This was also conveyed by the Head of the Palu City BNN, who stated that Palu City had an emergency drug case, where BNNK recorded Palu as the area with the highest drug cases in Central Sulawesi, followed by Parigi Moutong district (Rafii, 2020). The emergence of a number of vulnerable and vulnerable points in Palu City is a threat factor in the future if prevention efforts are not made, especially the distribution of vulnerable and vulnerable points that have the potential to damage the younger generation. The determination of positive legal sanctions and customary law sanctions is considered to have strong effectiveness in reducing negative impacts on the community in Palu City. The purpose of the research is to find out the prevention and handling model of drug cases through the integration of positive law and customary sanctions in Palu city. Qualitative research method with empirical juridical approach. The results of the integration of positive law and customary sanctions in the model of prevention and handling of drug cases in Palu city have the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of handling drug cases, as well as strengthen public trust in legal institutions and the government. However, there are still some obstacles and challenges that need to be overcome, and the implementation of this model is highly dependent on the role of legal institutions, government, and society.

Keywords: Drug Prevention, Drug Intervention, Positive Law, Customary Sanctions.

Title: Prevention and Handling of Drug Cases with the Integration of Positive Law and Customary Sanctions

Author: Muhamad Adi Saputra, Muhammad Basir-Cyio, Muhammad Khairil

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 409-419

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 30-June-2023

Abstract: Organizational performance continues to be a primary concern for players in the hospitality industry considering the current competitive environment that hotels operate in. in as much as it is never clear to what extent a specific strategy adopted by an organization affects its long-term performance, firms still need to consider ways in which they can attain a superior strategic position in the industry. Previous trends within the hospitality industry have indicated major brands pursuing business format franchising as a strategy to attain a strategic position thus enhancing their organizational performance. This study sought to investigate the effect of financing in business format franchising on performance of Sarova hotels limited. The research adopted a descriptive exploratory research design where the focus was Sarova Hotels Limited. This study used primary which was collected using questionnaires that had open ended and closed ended questions. The primary data was gathered from the management staff from three departments across the hotel including operations, accounting and finance and marketing where stratified random sampling was used to come up with the sample size. The collected data was analyzed using quantitative techniques which included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics which were presented in tables, figures and reports. The findings of this study indicated that financing had a positive effect on the performance of Sarova Hotels Ltd. the study recommended that more hotels need to consider pursuing business format franchising strategy as a way of entering new markets

Keywords: Financing, Franchising, Organizational Performance.

Title: EFFECT OF FINANCING IN BUSINESS FORMAT FRANCHISING ON PERFORMANCE OF SAROVA HOTELS LIMITED

Author: Peninah Njeri Wachira, Dr. Linda Kimencu

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 402-408

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 22-June-2023

Abstract: The lack of effective policy strategies regarding the funding of projects by Marsabit County government, which affects the prioritisation of projects, can be seen in the fact that the county has not been able to finance water and irrigation project that would alleviate the consequences of recurrent drought affecting the social, economic and cultural life of the inhabitants of the Saku sub-county. The projects also lack a proper monitoring and evaluation system, which has resulted in the projects not meeting the necessary quality standards of users. Most community water projects started in the county are less than two years old. Sustainability of water supply isn’t guaranteed if you don’t look for a long-term solution and don’t have a clear framework for sustainability. This study sought to investigate the effect of fund management on sustainability of prepaid water meter kiosks project in Saku Constituency in Marsabit County, Kenya. The study was conducted in five prepaid water meter kiosks projects. The respondents of the study were the members of self-help groups running the five  Kiosks, ministry of water officials within Marsabit County, and key informants within Marsabit County. The study used a descriptive research design. A census of all group members running various Kiosks was conducted to obtain primary data. SPSS software package version 21 was used to analyse data. Regression statistics was used to assess the correlation between the various variables in the study. According to the study, fund management positively and significantly impacted the sustainability of the prepaid water meter kiosk project in Saku Constituency, Marsabit County Kenya. The study concluded that good fund management provides a systematic process where a project manager manages, deploys, operates and upgrades assets cost-effectively while ensuring successful sustainability of a project. The study suggested that project managers focus on a few key financial metrics that are relevant to particular project cases to gain greater insight from project deliverables.

Keywords: Fund Management, Project Sustainability.

Title: EFFECT OF FUND MANAGEMENT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF PREPAID WATER METER KIOSKS PROJECT IN SAKU CONSTITUENCY IN MARSABIT COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Boru Guyo Mole, Dr. Alfayos Ondara

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 394-401

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 19-June-2023

Abstract: A well-defined project strategy that will guide the implementation phase often precedes a project. However, changes often occur as the event progresses. The national lands commission projects continue to encounter major delays, cost overruns, and projects never went according to plan. In this regard, the study investigated the influence of monitoring and evaluation planning on project implementation by National Lands Commission in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The descriptive research design was employed in study methodology. 6 projects being implemented by the commission were targeted and 66 respondents among them 6 project managers and 60 project team members were the respondents. These respondents received structured questionnaires to gather data for the study. A total of 6 questionnaires were first piloted to ensure that met the required standard in collecting final data for the study. This was determined by subjecting the questionnaires for validity and reliability tests whereby three test for validity including; content validity, criterion validity and face validity were applied. Cronbach's alpha test was used to measure reliability. The study’s data was qualitative and quantitative and thematic method and descriptive statistics was used respectively in analysis data. The study used inferential statistics to see how the variables interact with each other. The data was presented in the form of tables and figures. The regression analysis results indicated that M&E planning, had a positive significant influence on project implementation. The study concluded that M&E planning helps in making decisions with clear objectives in mind and helps you concentrate on results that matter, while M&E allows you to learn from past successes and failures as well as lessons learned during project execution. The study recommended that project managers should define project objectives by defining the project's purpose, the process to follow and how stakeholders will be informed that the project is accomplishing its purpose.

Keywords: M&E planning, Project Implementation.

Title: INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLANNING ON PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION BY NATIONAL LANDS COMMISSION IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Silas Odindo Mutsune, Dr. Lucy Ngugi

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 387-393

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 19-June-2023

Abstract: In this study, 100 proverbs from the Meranao ethnic group in the Philippines were collected. These proverbs were translated into English and classified and interpreted by a Panel of Experts made up of Meranao community members. In order to determine the roles and functions these proverbs played within the Meranao ethnic group, as seen by the Meranao Panel of Experts, the study had two main goals: (1) to evaluate the cultural meanings and interpretations encoded in the Meranao proverbs, and (2) to determine these proverbs' roles and functions in general. There were15 important informants were chosen from the provinces of Cotabato, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, and Maguindanao to help gather the proverbs. The proverbs' sources included both published and unpublished library items. The DECS (Department of Education Culture, and Sports now Department of Education) Values Classification Scheme of 1998, which includes seven dimensions and basic values (moral, social, economic, intellectual, political, spiritual, and physical), served as the foundation for classifying the 100 proverbs. Each dimension is matched with particular associated values. For instance, the dimension of love encompasses principles like self-control, respect for oneself, honesty, and integrity. The concept of social responsibility encompasses principles like respect and love for one another, loyalty, parental responsibility, care for the welfare of the community, freedom and equality, social justice and observance of human rights, as well as peace and active nonviolence. The Values Classification Scheme of 1998, which includes seven dimensions and basic values (moral, social, economic, intellectual, political, spiritual, and physical), served as the foundation for classifying the 100 proverbs. Each dimension is matched with particular associated values. For instance, the dimension of love encompasses principles like self-control, respect for oneself, honesty, and integrity. The concept of social responsibility encompasses principles like respect and love for one another, loyalty, parental responsibility, care for the welfare of the community, freedom and equality, social justice and observance of human rights, as well as peace and active nonviolence.

Keywords: Values Classification Scheme, proverbs, Meranao ethnic group, cultural meaning, roles and functions.

Title: Cultural Values ​​Expressed in Proverbs of the Meranao People: An Emic Survey

Author: Caup, Dialica L.

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 359-386

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 17-June-2023

Abstract: The occurrence of pandemic had shaped the landscape of how individuals make their living, how businesses operate, and how products and services are availed. Various restrictions are made; thus, social institutions such as schools were forced to close their physical operations and adapt to a new teaching system, thus online classes became the norm. With this change came new challenges for both teachers and students. It is also deemed that the occurrence of the pandemic had made a learning gap between students and what is demanded by the current market despite the effort of schools. The study is anchored on the Theory of Readiness for learning and pedagogy since the level of readiness among students is the focus of the study. The design is descriptive, and a survey-questionnaire adapted from the work of Verdadero, D. et.al. (2020) is utilized. Mean, frequency, and percentage are used to treat the data gathered. It is found out that bachelor’s program in tourism and hospitality is dominated by women since women are more focused on personal development than men. The usual age bracket of fourth year students is 20-25 which is considered ‘young or early adulthood’. It is the usual point where an individual finishes bachelor’s degree. The level of preparedness to enter tourism and hospitality industry is high among fourth year students. Attitude seems to be the core component of readiness over skills and knowledge. However, a readiness-support intervention program must be drawn up to provide balance between the areas or readiness.

Keywords: fourth year students, readiness, tourism, hospitality, industry.

Title: STUDENT READINESS TO ENTER TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Author: Mira A. Alivio, Jade Kathleen P. Parra, Deogracias E. Esplanada

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 349-358

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 14-June-2023

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people around the world in different ways. One of the major changes within the tourism industry is the use of online learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate disparities in gender and year in school, such as those between freshmen and sophomores, in terms of participants' Expectations, Motivations, and Behaviors. The research study aims to determine the factors determining first-year students' decision-making in choosing Tourism Management at DLSU-Dasmariñas. The study was a pilot study consisting of twenty HTM students. The most current research on the reasons why Asian students choose to major in HTM was used as a guide for determining the motivation statements that would be included in the survey instrument. The analysis of the data for this study was carried out in three stages. [1] information on the respondents was obtained from the findings of descriptive statistics (means and frequency). [2] the data that were gathered were subjected to a factor analysis in order to determine the fundamental aspects of HTM research expectations, motivations, and behaviors. [3] Only factors that had an eigenvalue of more than one were considered valid, and only items that had factor loadings and commonalities greater than 0.4 were included in the final factor structure. The results of the study show that there is no significant difference in the decision of freshmen students for choosing tourism management in a school with a high tourism enrollment rate of 246 from the previous term. It is also hypothesized that the demographic profile of the respondents is a significant factor that determines the decision. In addition, the results of this exploratory study will aid in identifying the topic areas within HTM in which Filipino students prefer to concentrate in their studies of the subject. The findings of this research study will provide awareness, understanding, and an opportunity to recognize.

Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Decision-making, tourism, expectations, motivations, behaviors, online learning.

Title: DECISION-MAKING IN CHOOSING TOURISM MANAGEMENT AT DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - DASMARIÑAS AMIDST PANDEMIC

Author: Ma. Leica Nadine Teotico Herrera, Yvette Magadia Barcelon, Rhyza Shanice Espenilla Ramos, Mario Luis Jamoralin

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 338-348

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 14-June-2023

Abstract: Manufacturing enterprise sectors are known as the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular because they not only help modernize agriculture but also lessen the heavy reliance of people on it by giving them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. However, Kenya's manufacturing companies have performance issues that, among other things, have prevented them from achieving their objectives, delayed the implementation of scheduled programs, and canceled planned activities. As a result, the goal of this study was to find out how green product design affects manufacturing firms' performance in Kenya's export processing zones. The descriptive research design was used in this study. All procurement managers from the selected ten manufacturing EPZ companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya, made up this study population, which served as the accessible and target sample. As a result, the sample for the study consisted of 112 procurement managers from all EPZ manufacturing companies. The respondents to this study were divided into groups based on their firm's specialization. The respondents from each stratum were selected using a simple method of random sampling. The sample size was 88 respondents. Primary data was gathered through the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. 11 respondents took part in the pilot study. The content validity test was used to guarantee the questionnaires' validity. Reliability of the questionnaires was tried utilizing the Cronbach's alpha test. Descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation was used to analyze quantitative data. Inferential statistics such as regression analysis was used to test the relationship between variables and their influence on one another. The study found that green product design had a positive significance influence on the performance of manufacturing enterprises in Kenya’s export processing zones. The study concluded that green product design aims at reducing waste and maximizing resource efficiency. The study recommended that when creating new products, both companies and product designers can advocate and design for the use of green materials.

Keywords: Green Product Design, Organizational Performance.

Title: INFLUENCE OF GREEN PRODUCT DESIGN ON PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN KENYA'S EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES

Author: Benjamin Mutuku Muthoka, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 332-337

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 13-June-2023

Abstract: The five (5) Muslim college students' experiences are examined in this study along with how these experiences affect their achievement and development in both secular and madrasah education. The results of the data analysis, interpretation, and findings' implications shed light on the benefits of pursuing both secular and madrasah education. Integrating academic knowledge with religious teachings and developing critical thinking abilities, the merging of these two educational approaches delivers a comprehensive learning experience. Participants emphasized the value of upholding Islamic teachings and performing religious obligations, which serve as incentives for pursuing education in both secular and madrasah contexts. The study also emphasizes the value of madrasah education in maintaining Islamic knowledge, developing morals and spirituality, fostering a sense of self, and strengthening communities. The challenges faced by Muslim college students are also discussed, along with the coping mechanisms used to get beyond these barriers, including time management, academic achievement, and personal hardships. The study emphasizes the comprehensive strategy of integrating secular and madrasah education, which helps the improvement of society and the overall development of people.

Keywords: Muslim students in colleges, madrasah education, secular education, integration, academic achievement, and challenges.

Title: Exploring Muslim College Students' Experiences: Implications for Appropriate Integration of Secular and Madrasah Education for Academic Achievement and Personal Development

Author: Khadiguia Ontok-Balah

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 322-331

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 12-June-2023

Abstract: An economy’s ability to create jobs, ensure food security, generate wealth, and foster innovation is dependent on agricultural projects. Due to the numerous obstacles these projects must overcome and as a result, many projects fall short of their potential and do not perform as anticipated, and as a result, their contribution to the national economy is still comparatively small. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effect of risk identification on performance of agricultural projects in Ahero irrigation scheme, Kenya. This study employed descriptive research design. This study was conducted in agricultural projects in Ahero irrigation scheme. The respondents were the project managers of the scheme. Project managers of the Ahero irrigation scheme that participated in study was selected through simple random sampling method. Data was collected using questionnaires. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study also used inferential statistics to determine the influence of one variable to the other. The study examined that risk identification had a positive and significant influence on the performance of agricultural project in Ahero irrigation scheme in Kenya. The study concluded that risk identification is a continuous process that lasts the duration of the project. The study recommended that the project managers should conduct brainstorming sessions with the project team, analyze documents and historical flowcharts, assess risk lists, consider lessons learned from previous projects, and create risk checklists with risk categories and risks.

Keywords: Project Risk Identification, Project Performance.

Title: INFLUENCE OF RISK IDENTIFICATION ON PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS IN AHERO IRRIGATION SCHEME, KENYA

Author: Hibert Omondi, Dr. Perris Chege

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 316-321

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 06-June-2023

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of academic motivation and self-regulated learning in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci and Ryan,1985). The study adopted an ex-post research design. Purposive sampling, simple random sampling, proportionate sampling and stratified sampling were used to select a sample of 200 form three students (131boys and 69 girls) from 4 public secondary school in Nyeri Central Sub-County, Nyeri County Kenya. Piloting of the questionnaire was done in one public school. Data on academic motivation was collected using Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)- high school version by Vallerand et al. (1992) and data on self-regulated learning was collected using Motivation Strategy for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Pentrinch & De Groot, 1990). Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to test the stated null hypothesis set at ժ=0.05. Analysis of collected data was done using SPSS version 20.0 for windows while descriptive statistics such as percentage, means and frequencies were used to summarize the data. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between academic motivation and self-regulated learning strategies (r (196) =.77, ρ<.01). Four out of the seven domains of academic motivation had a significant predictive on self- regulated learning.  Intrinsic motivation towards accomplishment towards had the positive highest predictive weight (β=.56, ρ<.05), followed by intrinsic motivation to know (β=.09, ρ<.05). negative significant prediction was found in extrinsic motivation external regulation and amotivation (β=. -13, ρ<.05 and amotivation (β=. -14, ρ<.05). The recommendations of this study included educators and school administrators to devise intervention measures to help students develop high levels of intrinsic motivation.

Keywords: academic motivation, Self-Determination Theory (SDT), intrinsic motivation.

Title: ACADEMIC MOTIVATION AS A PREDICTOR OF SELF-REGULATED LEARNING MONG FORM THREE STUDENDENTS IN NYERI COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Rosalyne Karuana Bundi, Dr. Samuel Mutweleli

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 308-315

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-June-2023

Abstract: On a global level, project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems are of paramount importance as many government funds are allocated to organisations to carry out various water projects. Good practice calls for project monitoring and control, as well as transparency, responsibility for resource allocation, and an impact on good project performance. This also calls monitoring and evaluation systems to systematically collect and analyze project information and compare project results, information with project objectives. Monitoring and evaluation is a critical part of project success, there are variety reasons for monitoring that are, to identify resources consumed, to gather information, to support stakeholders and to provide possible solutions to problems detected during program implementations managerial skills for effective decision making and training of staff handling the project, equitable distribution during budgetary allocation that will enforce resource mobilization and community participation. This however is lacking in most community water project in Mandera County in Kenya. This study sought to investigate the influence of monitoring and evaluation staff competency on performance of community water projects in Mandera County, Kenya. A descriptive design was adopted for data collection and analysis. The target population for the study comprised of 14 project managers and 319 staff of the 14 community water projects in Mandera County. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling was used to select 110 respondents. Primary data collection was done using a structured questionnaire. Prior to the main study, a pilot test was carried out in 3 water projects in Wajir County and involved 11 participants. Refinement of the questionnaire was done to ensure validity and reliability. Data analysis used both descriptive and inferential techniques. The study found a significant influence between M& E staff competency and project performance. The study concluded that one of the most common tasks of a Project M&E Officer is to develop the monitoring and evaluation skills of project personnel and partners. The study recommended that the project managers should develop M&E competency profile for the project positions by categorizing the project staff into managers, specialists and implementers.

Keywords: Monitoring and Evaluation Staff Capacity, Project Performance.

Title: INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION STAFF COMPETENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY WATER PROJECTS IN MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Hassan Mohamed Adhan, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 302-307

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 29-May-2023

Abstract: The relationship between personal characteristics of Self- Esteem, Social Avoidance, and Introverted was investigated among (N=150) randomly selected persons, male and female between the ages of 18 – 65 years within the South Eastern region of the United States. Instrumentation for the study included the Leutenburg and Liptak (2014) Personal Characteristics Scale published by the Whole Person Mental Health and Wellness Resources in Minnesota, USA. Statistical analysis using SPSS 28 software included Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression. Results of the Pearson Correlation revealed a statistically significantly positive correlation between [Self-Esteem and Introverted r = .431, p < .001]; [Self Esteem and Total Loneliness r = .691, p < .001]; [Social Avoidance and Introverted r = .199, p = .014]; [Social and Total Loneliness r = .666, p < .001]; and [Introvert and Total Loneliness r = .752, p < .001]. The alternative hypothesis was accepted, and the null rejected. However, there was a positive but not a significant correlation between [Self-Esteem and Social Avoidance r = .132, p = .107].  Furthermore, results of the relationship mapping showed a strong connection and influence among the four variables - Self- Esteem, Social Avoidance, Introverted, and Total Loneliness. This connection and influence are indicated by larger nodes and thicker links. The map also showed varied relationship counts of strong [92 – 129; normal 75, and weak 1 – 31]. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean scores among the three variables in their relation to Loneliness: Self- Esteem [F(25, 124) = 6.07, p < 0.001, effect size, eta squared (η²), was 0.55, indicating a large effect]; Social Avoidance [F(25, 124) = 5.77, p < 0.001, effect size, eta squared (η²), was 0.54, indicating a large effect]; and Introverted [F(25, 124) = 9.93, p < 0.001, effect size, eta squared (η²), was 0.67, indicating a large effect]. A Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was not performed as the number of cases needed were not enough. The ANOVA results showed statistically significant differences in the way each variable impacted Loneliness. Both the ANOVA and relationship mapping results were supported by the large effect sizes to justify the practical significance of these variables. A multiple regression was also run to test if low Self-Esteem, Social Avoidance, and Introverted scores do predict Loneliness. The results indicated that the three variables statistically significantly predicted Loneliness, [F(3, 146) – 3853.48, p<.001, R² = .988]. Low Self-Esteem, Social Avoidance, and Introverted scores significantly predicted Loneliness [(β = .557, p < .001)].

Keywords:  Personal Characteristics, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, Social Avoidance, Introverted, Effect Size.

Title: Personal Characteristics and Loneliness: Is there a Relationship?

Author: Dr. David Augustine Bull

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 290-301

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 29-May-2023

Abstract: This paper examines the invaluable role played by the Obasinjom cult in preventive medicine among the Ejagham and the Banyang of Manyu Division, South West, Cameroon. The paper argues that in spite of the diminishing role of the Obasinjom in the provision of healthcare amidst the incursion of western medicine and Christianity, the Obasinjom was resilient in some communities of Manyu Division. The study employs the historical research method in the collection, interpretation, and analysis of the information gotten from primary and secondary sources. Interviews and archival materials were widely utilized to derive eyewitness accounts. The interviews were conducted on one-on-one basis and through focused group discussions. The findings reveal that the survival of the Obasijom in some communities of Manyu from the 1990s was thanks to its ability to handle spiritual and mystical illnesses as well as its entertainment and cultural role in the communities.

Keywords: Obasinjom, Indigenous, Preventive Medicine, Manyu.

Title: Obasinjom Indigenous Preventive Medicines in Mamfe (Manyu) Division of Cameroon, 1922-2017

Author: Agbor Kingsley Ayuk, Roland Ndille, Tabi James Ndip

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023

Page No: 276-289

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 29-May-2023