Vol 4 Issue 4 October 2016-December 2016

Abstract: Slums are increasingly becoming a feature of urban crisis which is now a major concern to disaster managers and generally the humanitarian stakeholders globally. It’s a human settlement pattern widespread in the urban areas of many developing countries where statistics show is a home to over 70% of urban settings. The livelihood levels and options of most slum dwellers make them more susceptible and vulnerable to many forms of disasters including fire. This study examined nature of fire hazards, a common element in urban disasters using selected locations of Kibera slum, one of the largest informal settlements in Africa. Mixed method design was used and the sample size was 225 with households being principal respondents. Questionnaires, FGDs, observation check-lists and in-depth interviews with key informants purposively selected from Government officials and land owners aided data collection. The study established that nature of fire hazards in Kibera slums was mainly as a result of physical and social dimensions of vulnerability and that the level of fire risk to communities in Kibera slum was high due to illegal electrical connections, material used for construction that were inflammable in nature, and high population density resulting in sharing a room as a cooking area as well as a living room. The study recommends up scaled efforts not only on public education on fire hazards but also to subsidize residents particularly with regard to social dimension of their vulnerability. This will improve their coping capacity and resilience to fire and secondary disasters thereof. Keywords: slum, fire, hazard, vulnerability. Title: Analysis of Nature of Fire Hazards in Selected Locations of Kibera Slums of Nairobi County, Kenya Author: Koome, Agnes Enid K, Wakhungu, Jacob W, Omuterema, Stanley O International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: On contrary to the yet most common practice so far, statistics teaching should not be taken as a mere fact of transferring information from one generation to another. Rather the goal should be, to habituate instructors and the students in statistical way of thinking for better statistics teaching/learning environment. Why statistics is learned and how could them be used in life sciences are the most fundamental factors to consider. This paper has an overview on how real data can play a significant role and why should them be considered in making statistics teaching more engaging, interesting and more meaningful to the students. Also, the impact of such teaching in the students’ work situations have been discussed in brief. The paper also has discussed the benefits and the challenges while using real data in statistics teaching and as well have some in person experiences and the efforts explained while have come across struggling to make statistics teaching relatively satisfactory in a continuum. Keywords: statistics teaching, real data, statistical way of thinking, data analysis, statistics education. Title: Teaching Statistics through Real Data: An Overview Author: Chuda Prasad Dhakal International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Corruption is defined by Transparency international (TI) as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Corruption is a constant global phenomenon, which has become more complex and pervades every facet of our human life. It is more so amongst those living in developing countries, particularly emerging economies such as Zimbabwe, Nigeria & RSA. The acts of corruption in the cited countries directly or indirectly have a big knock down effect on their education systems. The acts of corrupt activities carried out by public office bearers in these countries contest the basic principles of these countries as enshrined in their respective supreme law of the land (Constitution), such as freedom and security for everyone and democracy. The aim of this article to illustrate how corruption can affect the education systems. This paper will endeavour to give an education specific definition of corruption to advance accountability and transparent leadership, establishing the degree to which corruption has infiltrated, manifested and contaminated the public education sector. As an indicator of corruption, stakeholders can be asked questions regarding the perceived levels of overall irregularities in the education sector. And areas that are mostly prone to embezzlement, misappropriation of public funds, and corrupt decision-making processes, for example through the influence of external actors who are politically connected with regard to a number of decisions such as procurement of teaching and learning materials, educator appointments etcetera. Based on the questions raised, scores can be calculated to measure the perceived levels of malpractices and corruption in the different relationships. The article is a desktop qualitative research mainly based on a review of documents and analysis of existing literature both primary and secondary sources. The findings demonstrate that corruption affects the education sector negatively. In the light of the findings, the paper proffers recommendations on how the scourge of corruption can be curbed. The recommendations help to develop an accountability model for Zimbabwe. The model will assist in the achievement of transparency and development and ultimately combat corruption in Zimbabwe. Keywords: corruption; kleptocracy, misappropriation, mismanagement, abuse, moral leadership, accountability. Title: HOW CORRUPTION HAS AFFECTED THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ZIMBABWE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION Author: HERBERT MOYO International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: From the antiquity through the middle age and the renaissance right up to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, translation scholars and theorists have generally prescribed either the literal or free , word for word or sense or sense, source-text-oriented or target-text-oriented, adequate or appropriate, foreignized or domesticated translation strategies or methods, depending on the period, perception or text type. The choice has often been either one or the other and hardly ever a combination of the two. In spite of this clear-cut theoretical divide in translation strategies, the translation, notably of literary texts has often shown that both foreignization and domestication or literal and free translation strategies are used altinatingly and complementarily. This paper attempts to show that in prose, poetry and drama translation both foreignization and domestication are used alternatingly and complementarily. Examples are drawn from corpora of prose, poetry and drama translation to show that both the foreignization and domestication translation strategies are used in all three types of translation. This use is however to varying degrees. The study draws the following conclusions: 1 In prose translation domestication is used more than foreignization. 2. Drama translation, like prose translation, appears to use domestication more than foreignization, but to a lesser degree. 3. Contrary to prose and drama translation, poetry translation employs much more of foreignization than domestication. Keywords: foreignization, Domestication, Translation Strategies. Title: THE ALTERNATING AND COMPLEMENTARY ROLES OF FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION AS TRANSLATION STRATEGIES Author: NGORAN CONSTANTINE TARDZENYUY International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: HIV&AIDS knowledge has been associated with low risk behaviour and subsequent low HIV infection. The university environment provides fertile grounds for high sexual risk behaviour. HIV Prevention efforts in Kenyan universities do not seem to go hand-in hand with the students’ risk behaviour. A large number of young students are ignorant, highly mobile, sexually active and vulnerable to HIV. This study sought to examine the level of HIV Risk Behaviour of the students in relation to their HIV knowledge. Four universities (Rongo University College, Great Lakes University of Kisumu (GLUK), Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology(JOOUST) and Maseno were purposively selected while 384 students were selected using non-proportional quota sampling. Associational research design was used. Primary data was collected from 384 respondents using questionnaires and personal interview schedules while secondary data was sourced from government documents. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 19.0 for windows and Excel computer programmes. The Pearson chi-square result {X2(384,5df) = 7.859, p=0.143}, at α=0.05 showed that there was association between the variables. It was concluded that the HIV&AIDS curriculum mainstreaming knowledge is related to low risk behaviour. It was recommended that Kenyan Universities reemphasize HIV&AIDS Education policy. Keywords: HIV&AIDS Knowledge, Kenya, HIV-Risk Behaviour, Universities, Counties- bordering-Lake Victoria. Title: Kenyan University Undergraduate Students’ HIV Risk Behaviour in and Knowledge in Counties Bordering Lake Victoria Author: Margaret Immonje, Jacob Wakhungu, John O. Shiundu International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study sought to assess how governance frameworks affect the performance of the county Public Service Boards. These frameworks were assessed based upon particular functions that are created in the county Act. These functions include: disciplinary control, human resource planning and budgeting and advisory functions. Governance Frameworks entail the set of responsibilities and practices, policies and procedures, exercised by an agency’s executive, to provide strategic direction, ensure objectives are achieved, manage risks and use resources responsibly and with accountability. The independent variables of the study were: Human Resource policies, Performance Contracting mechanisms and Monitoring and Evaluation processes. The dependent variable was performance of public service. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis was County Public Service Boards. The unit of observation included board members from five selected counties in Kenya. The theoretical framework relied on stewardship theory policy network theory and Weberian bureaucracy. The sampling frame in this study included seven members from each of the five Public Service Boards selected. The study used multi sampling technique where simple random sampling was used to select the Public Service Boards whereas the respondents were conveniently sampled. The study used questionnaires as the main method of collecting the data. Data was sorted, coded, analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. ANOVA was used to test the significance of the regression model. Multiple regression formula was used to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The study concluded that there is a positive effect of Human resource planning, Monitoring and Evaluation and Performance Contracting on the Performance of the Public Service Board. The study also calls for collaboration between and among county public officers and academics, researchers and policy think tanks, to enable development of practical strategies to effectively address governance frameworks. The study recommends that a further study be undertaken, covering all the 47 county Public Service Board performance in Kenya. Keywords: Governance Frameworks, performance, Public Service Board. Title: Effect of Governance Frameworks on Performance of Public Service Boards in Devolved Governments in Kenya: A Survey of Selected Counties Author: Stella C. Bosuben, Dr. Kabare Karanja International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Many churches in Kenya have been plagued with a history of fighting, sometimes leading to horrible church splits. Therefore this project sought to put to rest the speculations into the conflict resolution in Churches in Uthiru Ward, Kiambu County in Kenya. Specifically, the objectives are to establish how power and control struggle conflict affect the Conflict resolution, identify how material issues/greed conflict affect the Conflict resolution and determine how ideological/theological differences conflict affect the Conflict resolution. The project applied a descriptive design. The population of the study was constituted by pastoral ministers from Pentecostal churches in Uthiru ward, Kiambu County in Kenya. The total number of these staff from the respective churches databases were 30 and due to the small size of the population, a census was done. Primary data was collected using questionnaire that was developed by the researcher. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics of percentages and frequencies. On power struggle conflicts, the study indicated that it was evident that struggle of power in church was due to a number of reasons. Majority of the pastors indicated that control of finance as a cause of power struggle. On greed, the respondents indicated that finance was the major cause of church greed since every party wanted its share. Most of the Pentecostals churches lack guidelines and procedures on how finance should be budgeted for, thus its misuse by the pastors. On ideological differences, majority indicated that different interpretation of the scripts was a factor that caused ideological differences in churches while a few stated that lack of unrealistic expectations from the scripts was a factor that caused ideological differences. Many churches have been plagued with a history of fighting, due to greed, power struggle and ideological differences; sometimes leading to horrible church splits. Church conflicts are creating a battleground for power struggles of various factions thus victimizing the congregation, sabotaging the pastor’s leadership and church progress. Thus the study recommends that the adverse training and guidelines for severance benefits on the clergy is needed to enable them handle conflicts in church in case any future conflict is pastor –centered. Keywords: Power and control struggle; Material issues/greed; Theological differences. Title: CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN CHURCHES IN UTHIRU WARD, KABETE CONSTITUENCY, KIAMBU COUNTY Author: Thandi, David Ndiba, Ombui, Kepha International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The emergence of the ‘independent’ press in Morocco in the beginning of the 1990s and its considerable thrive throughout 25 years has instigated a lot of debate about the factors and actors behind its inception and the roles it has performed with respect to Moroccan society and politics. At the heart of this article are two fundamental issues: the meaning of press independence in Morocco and the sociopolitical functions which the Moroccan press has performed so far; namely, the assumption that it functioned as political opposition during a certain period in Moroccan post-modern history. The paper critically reviews the main arguments advanced in the literature about these two issues. It buttresses the review with important historical events and testimonies of prominent practitioners and researchers. The paper concludes that according to normative media autonomy, the so-called independent press in Morocco is far from being independent. It also concludes that while the press carried out primordial sociopolitical functions before 2011, post-Arab Spring era has witnessed a conspicuous dumping of these functions. Keywords: Press, independent, socio-political, political opposition, taboos. Title: The Moroccan ‘Independent’ Press: Issues of Independence and Political Opposition Author: Abdelmalek El Kadoussi International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The main aim of the study was to establish the influence of work-related stress on governance of teachers’ in public secondary schools in Juja Sub-county in Kenya. The study was guided by two specific objectives which included to examine the effect of policies-related stress on governance of public secondary schools teachers in Juja Sub-county and to establish the effect of economic-related stress on governance of public secondary schools in Juja Sub-county. In Kenya, teachers are confronted with occupational, pedagogical and technological changes which have largely influenced alterations in their working conditions. Changes of this nature have been reported to be partly responsible for work stress and this subsequently affects how teachers perform. The study used three theories related to work-related stress: path-goal, person-environment fit and effort-related imbalance theories. The study sought to bridge the existing knowledge gap on the effects of work-related stress on teachers’ performance in Juja Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya. Purposive and stratified sampling techniques were used whereby subjects were selected from existing subgroups in the population. Out of a total population of 190 TSC teachers from eight secondary schools, a sample size of 66 respondents was selected from eight secondary schools. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data while the secondary data was collected through review of published documents and text books. The presentation of data was through tables. The findings from the study indicate that management-related stress, family-related stress, policies-related stress and economic-related stress affect teachers’ performance in Juja Sub-county. The findings further indicate that up to 81% of the teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in Juja Sub-county could be attributed to the combined effects of the variables studied. The study also suggested for further studies to be conducted on the emerging job related stress factors such as the effects of the new performance appraisal on teachers’ performance in public schools in Kenya as well as a side by side comparison of the same variables in other Sub-counties and Counties in Kenya. Keywords: Work-related stress, performance, turnover. Title: INFLUENCE OF WORK-RELATED STRESS ON GOVERNANCE OF TEACHERS’ IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN JUJA SUB-COUNTY, KENYA Author: Waititu Francis Munyua, Dr. Kepha Andrew Ombui International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Even though violent conflicts and wars come with immeasurable human and material consequences it however serves the good for some. World leadership has always depended on the outcome of violent mega conflicts and wars. The United States took over the world leadership from Great Britain after emerging as the dominant power at the end of World War II. It succeeded in lulling the rise of the former USSR which became Russia thanks to the Cold War. Since then the prominence of Russia in global affairs has been dwindling till the advent of the Syrian conflict some five years ago that Russia is using as a springboard to bounce back to prominence. This article tries to detail this sudden rise of Russia thanks to the Syrian conflict. Keywords: Consequences, Violent Conflicts and Wars, USSR. Title: The Syrian Conflict: A Spring Board for Russia to Global Prominence Author: Gerald Tapuka International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study was set to establish whether there is openness in effective governance for constituency development fund in Nairobi County. The study employed explanatory research design. The target population was all the fund managers and their chairmen in the 17 constituencies in Nairobi County. A census of 34 people was used. Secondary data was gathered from various authoritative sources including books, published articles, and on-line journals. Data was collected through questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Microsoft excel used to generate the statistical outputs. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics used to draw conclusions. The findings were then presented in tables and charts. As a result, the study found out that openness (0.001 ≤ p-value ≤ 0.05 had significant influence on effective governance for CDF in Nairobi County. The study also found out that effective governance for CDF in Nairobi County was strongly and positively associated with openness (r=0.866, p=0.01). Consequently, the following recommendation was proposed: A consideration for citizen engagement in decision making relating development, attitude change through sharping of perception, putting in place mechanisms for recognizing and rewarding ethical conduct among fund managers, adoption of ICT solutions be considered to safeguard information and data resources as well as a consideration for continuous review of the structure of command in CDF management among other recommendations. Keywords: Openness, Constituency Development Fund, Effective Governance. Title: Openness in Effective Governance for Constituency Development Fund in Nairobi County, Kenya Author: JOSEPH MWANGI WAMUTI, DR. MIKE A. IRAVO International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Participation in development projects does not just occur. People and communities are motivated by so many factors. They range from intrinsic to extrinsic, financial and non-financial. This study was carried out to determine the farmers’ levels of income and their participation in biodiversity conservation projects in Kenya. The study was carried out in Bonni location, Tana River County, Coastal region of Kenya. Sample survey design adopted was a simple random sampling procedure to arrive at the sample size of 52 respondents. Data collected was analysed and interpreted by use of frequency distribution, percentage, descriptive analysis and binary regression. System theory was used to relate variables income level with the study factors affecting community participation in biodiversity conservation project. The researcher noted that most of the people failed to contribute money towards the projects implementation due to low income levels that cannot support their needs and have surplus to contribute in development projects. These discouraged them and their involvement in project activities. The study revealed that income was a significant factor affecting participation. The implications of these findings to policy makers, practitioners and stakeholders is to design strategies that can divorce short term benefits and expectations as drivers of participation and instead inculcate the intrinsic factors as core motivating factors. Keywords: Level of Income, Biodiversity, Project Conservation, Participation. Title: Farmers’ Levels of Income and Their Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Projects in Kenya Author: Nora Ndege, Dr. Jane Omweng International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The general objective of this study was to determine the influence of training on employee commitment in public corporations in Kenya. For the research methodology, the study used the descriptive research design. The population of the study was 1,000 employees of KNEC. Stratified random sampling technique was used to determine the sample size for the study. A sample size of 96 employees was obtained from the population. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Once collected, the questionnaires were coded, entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The data was be interpreted using descriptive statistics through frequencies, percentages and correlation analysis. The research findings were presented in form of tables and figures. The majority of the respondents indicated that skills’ training plays an important role in commitment. The study also emphasized the significance of conducive work environment to enhance commitment. It pointed out the imperativeness of communication as it boosts employees understanding on the organizational values and also provides updates on the happenings in an organization vital hence a need to invest in communication channels and proper working conditions. The study also pointed out the importance of KNEC to provide a more strategical career development program as well as equitable promotion procedures and to ensure acquisition of new skills through training to improve performance standards. Keywords: Training, Employee Commitment, Public Corporations. Title: Influence of Training on Employee Commitment in Public Corporations in Kenya Author: JOAN LENZA AMUKO, DR. ASSUMPTAH KAGIRI International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: HIV and AIDS have caused serious impacts on sustainable development in all sectors of the economy including higher education. The need to assess risk in higher education in Africa is lacking. This piece of work adds on to existing knowledge on HIV and AIDS among higher education institutions on knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the epidemic. An HIV and AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices analysis was conducted among university employees. Data was collected using 100 questionnaires and 12 in-depth interviews from both academic and non-academic staff and descriptive statistics were used to analyze data from questionnaires and thematic content analysis was carried out to analyze interviews. The results show that there are high knowledge levels above 80% of HIV and AIDS, STIs among both academic and non-academic staff of all age groups and there is no significant difference between age groups and job categories. Reported attitudes show low risk attitudes. This however does not require that universities should not implement comprehensive HIV and AIDS programmes because the impact of the epidemic cannot be ignored. Keywords: HIV, AIDS, knowledge, attitudes, practices, university employees. Title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding HIV and AIDS among University Employees Author: Kudakwashe Sithole, Sekai Noreen Gore, Kudzanayi Gondo International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The launch of the 1Malaysia concept in 2009 was part of the Malaysian government’s holistic effort in transforming and branding the country by stressing on the multicultural features of the country with the aims of building a united and progressive nation. The 1Malaysia concept is built upon the foundation of Malaysia Federal Constitution various laws and policies, the Rukun Negara, Vision 2020 and the national mission. Regardless of the wide publicity received by the 1Malaysian concept, there has been very little research on the modes of communication used in promoting the concept. Thus, this study attempted to explore how the youngsters, specifically the secondary school students learned about the 1Malaysia concept and which modes of communication were found to be most effective for them. Questionnaires were distributed to 2200 secondary school students in Malaysia using stratified random sampling method. The findings showed that secondary school students learned about the 1Malaysia concept through television, newspapers, magazines and internet. Newspapers, magazine and radio were ranked as top three most effective modes of communication for the dissemination of the 1Malaysia concept. Majority of the students agreed that media plays an important role in disseminating information on the 1Malaysia concept. However, they felt that media only plays a neutral role in influencing their behaviour towards other ethnics in Malaysia. Thus, it is hoped that the findings from this study will serve as a platform for the 1Malaysia campaign planning unit to reassess their current stand and formulate future strategies to further enhance the acceptance of 1Malaysia among the youngsters. Keywords: 1Malaysia, Media, Branding. Title: The Influence of Media in Branding the 1Malaysia Concept from the Perspective of Secondary School Students in Malaysia Author: Siti Maziha Mustapha, Amli Hazlin Ahmad Mokhtar, Suhida Hani Suid, Farrah Alwani Hamzah, Dil Froz Jan International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals