Vol 4 Issue 4 October 2016-December 2016

Abstract: In order to maximize their effectiveness, schools must maintain a positive learning environment unencumbered by violence. Uniformed and unprepared police officers have been incorporated into school systems in response to school violence. There are many types of programs that promote school resource officers. The school officer program that this research considered is based on a program from the National Association of School Resource Officers (NASRO). Police resources officers are caught in the middle of two contradictory groups: The schools and their police departments. Previous research has not considered how these opposing expectations have made it difficult for the Resource Officer (SRO) to operate effectively within the school structure. Literature review on police and school department perceptions, as well data analysis from teachers surveys, will offer an expanded perspective increase officer productivity. The result will be an integration of plan and action to direct the SRO and schools to move together toward a more developed structure capable to shaping today’s youth. Keywords: SRO, roles, violence, educators, teachers, police. Title: School Resource Officers: Strategies for Reducing Role Identity and Role Ambiguity Author: James A VanCleave, Diane Sue VanCleave International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The process of society’s transformation from a predominantly rural, to a predominantly urban population is defined as ‘Urbanization’. This includes two things, an increase in the number of people living in urban settlements and an increase in the percentage of the population engaged in non-agricultural activities, whilst living in such places. The present study is an attempt to describe the urbanization of Solan, for the period of 1947 to 2003. study focuses mainly on the town of Solan, which is considered to be a relatively progressive and populous area of Solan District, locate in the Indian hill state of Himachal Pradesh. The concerned study has highlighted the main factors those appeared to be responsible for the urbanization of Solan town during Pre-Independence and Post-Independence period. Keywords: Urbanization, Pre-Independence, Post-Independence, transformation, Solan District, non-agricultural activities. Title: A HISTORICAL STUDY OF URBANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE PREMISE TO SOLAN TOWN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH) Author: Dr. Ritu Mehta, Dr. Mallika Nadda International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper is based on a study whose aim was to assess the resilience of the livelihoods of elderly caregivers to AIDS orphaned children, and the consequent ability (or lack of) to recover from the effects of the AIDS disaster on their households. The study was done in Garissa County of Kenya. The concept of livelihoods and the main elements that comprise it are presented and discussed in relation to how each is important in building resilience in caregivers to AIDS orphaned children, guided by the UNISDR model. The study design was cross sectional, employing both quantitative and qualitative tools and techniques in data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to provide answer the research question. It was found that the caregivers’ livelihoods had been made vulnerable by the impact of the AIDS disaster on their individual households, and as a result, recovery was very slow or nonexistent in some cases. This implies that concerted mitigation efforts must be effected in order to prevent the households from plunging into destitution. Keywords: AIDS Elderly Caregivers Orphans Livelihoods Resilience Recovery Mitigation. Title: Rescuers In Distress: How Well Can Grandparent Caregivers To AIDS Orphans Cope And Recover From The Multidimensional Disaster? Author: Betty Mutere, Jacob Wakhungu, Edward Neyole, Moses Poipoi International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Organizations both private and public tend to employ strategies which are likely to improve on performance. Strategy in this case can be considered as choices which an individual or player makes in certain situation. Individuals and institutions which implement strategies effectively and efficiently harvest positive performance results. Strategy implementation can be viewed as a process which induces different forms of organizational learning, mainly as a result of both environmental threats and strategic responses which are a prime trigger for learning process within an organizations.it is an iterative process of implementing policies, strategies, programs and action plans which allow a firm to utilize its resources to take advantage of opportunities in the competitive environment. This study explored the role of strategy implementation on the Performance of State Corporations in Kenya, with reference to National Social Security Fund in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: To determine the influence of benefit processing strategies on performance of NSSF; To assess the relationship between payment strategy and performance of NSSF; and to ascertain the effect of competitive strategy on performance of NSSF. The study collected data from 163 employees of NSSF departments of headquarters and branches operating in Nairobi Region. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient results indicated that benefit processing strategy (r=0.451), Payment strategy (r=0.336) and Competitive strategy (r=0.557) all had a positive moderate correlation with performance of NSSF. The slope coefficients of the regression results showed that benefit processing strategy (0.434), Payment Strategy (0.395) and Competitive Strategy (0.59) all influenced performance of NSSF positively. Keywords: Strategic implementation, Performance, Process. Title: Role of Strategy Implementation on Performance of State corporations In Kenya: A Case of National Social Security Fund Author: Virginia Maina, Dr Assumptah Kagiri International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study sought to investigate implementation of laws and policies as an impediment to women teachers' ascension to leadership positions in mixed public secondary schools, focusing on Tharaka South Sub – County Kenya. The researcher used mixed research design with survey and ethnographic techniques to collect data from a target population comprising of school principals, deputy principals, and head of departments, Boards of Management members, and Parents Teachers’ Association members of Tharaka South Sub-County. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data which was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study established that the educational stakeholders are well informed about national and international laws and Government policies that support women leadership in Kenya and that however, the laws and policies are neither enforced nor implemented. The study therefore suggests deliberate efforts towards creation of a mechanism of enforcing and implementing gender laws and policies. Keywords: Laws, Policies, women leadership, policy implementation. Title: The role of Laws and Policies in Promoting women Leadership in Mixed Public Secondary Schools: A case of Tharaka South Sub-County, Kenya Author: Anne Mberia International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study examines the effects of the rising schooling costs on dropout rates of ward secondary school students in Morogoro Urban District, Tanzania. The study employed documentary reviews to gather data from 9 ward secondary schools on the increase in the cost of schooling in the last five years (2011-2015) and the proportion of pupils dropping out due to cost of schooling. Findings reveals the increase in extra costs of schooling in last five years in various items including transport, school uniform, stationery, and security charges. In parallel to that, the rising schooling costs contributes high rate of dropout among ward secondary students, preceded by truancy, which is also quite conservable contributed by parents’ inability to incur schooling costs. Regardless of the fact that the government has established and implementing a free education policy in primary and secondary educational levels from 2016, some of schooling expenses including transport, school uniforms and meals are to be incurred by parents. The study recommends government and educational stakeholders to identify and provide assistance to students from poor socio-economic backgrounds who do not afford additional schooling expenses which government do not incur. Keywords: Rising Schooling Cost, Absenteeism, Dropout, Secondary School. Title: THE RISING SCHOOLING COSTS AND THE RATE OF DROPOUT AMONG WARD SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MOROGORO URBAN DISTRICT Author: Ben Sanga International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Despite the many years in development of a broad set of psychotherapies for change, the social service professions counseling, psychology, and social work have continued to be thwarted by stigma and shame that keep clients, particularly minorities away. In our own daily routines we also have felt victim to shame’s influence. In a fresh look, this study will investigate the obstacles and influences that have added timidity to our a full dialogue of the problem. This is perhaps because the problem IS shame, and we are to fearful to have the conversation, and to consider our alternatives. Perhaps we cannot give our client’s power, until we, ourselves, learn how to be empowered? I think investigation and analysis is a journey we need to take. Keywords: Psychotherapy, Shame, Stigma, Oppression, Discrimination, Systems. Title: An Investigation of Shame’s Influence in Psychotherapeutic Delivery Author: Diane VanCleave International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study sought to establish how gender dimensions affect accessibility and utilization of microfinance in Rwanda basing on Musanze District. This is because, hitherto, there is no quality information on gender and access to microfinance in Rwanda. The main objective was to generate information regarding gender-based inequalities in accessing microfinance services particularly for Musanze District, Northern part of Rwanda. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Simple random sampling was used to determine the sample size. The study used a case study design. The target population was 116 respondents who included 8 key informants. A sample size of 90 respondents was determined using Slovin’s formula. The findings of the study indicated that gender dimension had a positive significant influence on access to and utilization of microfinance services in Musanze district. Furthermore, the study revealed that Women have less human capital that is conducive for collateral security as a condition for accessing and utilization of microfinance services that would facilitate small business success. The study recommends that the Government and policy makers in charge of developing microfinance services: These should focus on re-formulating microfinance policies and packages that could lead to gender balanced access to, and utilization of microfinance services more particularly increasing the period of microfinance loans from two years to at least five or more. Keywords: Gender, Gender dimensions, Access and Utilization of Microfinance Services. Title: Examination of Gender Dimensions in Accessing and Utilizing Microfinance in Musanze District, Rwanda Author: Speciose B. Mbabazi International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The south-south geopolitical zone has the Economic potentials to contribute to Economic growth through agriculture. The standard of living of people in any country largely depends on productivity. Nigeria is currently facing recession and the oil price and production has gone down due to militants’ activities in the Niger Delta. This paper discusses the determinants of agricultural labour productivity in the south-south geopolitical zone. The study reveals that the south-south geopolitical zone which is made up of Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo and Rivers states have the potentials if government engenders friendly policies towards the diversification of the economy by encouraging the huge unemployed man-power to take up agro ventures. It is therefore recommended that Governments at all levels in the south-south geopolitical zone should encourage youths and others into agriculture; create enabling environment to avert the rural urban migration in search of white collar jobs; provide good roads, electricity, hospitals to encourage farmers and potential farmers; provide credit facilities to farmers and establish Agro-based industries to make use of raw materials and produce farm implements. Keywords: Agriculture, Labour Productivity, standard of living, south-south, geopolitical zone. Title: Determinants of Agricultural Labour Productivity in Nigeria’s South-South Geopolitical Zone Author: WISDOM S. KROKEYI International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In the present paper, an attempt had been made to examine an econometric analysis of minor forest produce in a tribal economy with special reference to Telangana districts. The paper has been divided into three sections. Section-I deals with the importance of minor forest produce in the tribal economy. Section-II deals with the objectives and methodology of the paper. Findings and conclusions of the study had been presented in Section-III. The study is based on primary data as well as secondary data. Multiple regression analysis had been utilised to examine the relative importance of the variables while analyzing the total value of the MFP items. Keywords: econometric analysis, MFP items, minor forest, tribal economy, Telangana districts. Title: An Econometric Analysis of the Minor Forest Produce in Tribal Economy Author: Dr. K. Mohan Reddy, Dr. V. Naveen International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Our language, the choice of words, our pronunciation, etc., give a clear picture to the hearer about ourselves. The form and choice of words, plus the speakers’ intonation which may constitute what is called a dialect. Some people say Kuwaiti Arabic is a dialect of Arabic but that is always controversial and debatable. However, everyone says conclusively that the written language is the same, though the spoken language may vary here and there. Nonetheless where communication is concerned, everyone succeeds in saying what he or she means in spite of these differences. The language used on radio, TV, media, cinema, etc., by and large remains the same. Foreign learners of English like Arab students have a choice. They can adopt either British standard or American standard. Many Arab students acquire American accent easily and some others choose the British standard of accent. It does not make much difference which standard is chosen or used. What matters is one’s intelligibility. When a student speaks English, his pronunciation should be understandable to everyone across national and regional boundaries. In other words there should be international intelligibility of the spoken variety of English. Many Arabs who are resident and settled in the US and Britain don’t show much evidence of Arabic flavor when they speak English. Students who study in the US or UK acquire some measure of English accent and they tend to influence the pronunciations of the people around them. Pronunciation varies more than any other aspect of English. After all, the slightest change in the way we move the organs of speech changes the sound that comes out. It is pronunciation which is immediately noticed and that distinguishes one person from another. Spelling, grammar, morphology, syntax, etc. may not change at all. Even in RP no two individuals speak hundred per cent in the same way or have the same accent in every respect. There will be individual differences. Almost everyone’s pronunciation is uniquely distinctive and also exhibits regional, national or social qualities of sound. Keywords: Pronunciation Difficulties, communication. Title: Pronunciation Difficulties of Arab Students-Causes and Remedies Author: Muneera Al-Ghareeb International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The aim of this study was explore the factors influencing the service delivery within Semi-Arid areas of devolved units in Kenya, a case study of Mbeere North Sub-County. The objectives guiding the study include: to establish the extent to the level accountability of county leaders affects service delivery, to establish how financial decentralization affects service delivery, to determine how public participation in decision making affects service delivery; and to examine how staff empowerment affect service delivery in devolved governments of Kenya. A descriptive survey research design was used. Stratified random sampling method was done in order to select respondents in the three wards within Mbeere North Sub-County. Questionnaires and interviews were used as instruments of data collection, which were validated prior to actual data collection by close consultation with experts. Leaders of neighboring wards were used for pilot testing to determine the instruments reliability. Raw data shall was systematically organized, coded and analyzed through descriptive statistics using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), and finally presented using percentages and frequency distribution tables. Keywords: Devolution, Financial decentralization and Service delivery. Title: Factors Affecting Service Delivery in Semi-Arid Sub Counties in Kenya: A Case of Mbeere North Sub-County Author: DANIEL IRERI NGARI MWATHI, DR. A. KAGIRI International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The primary purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of public tax collection funds for improved livelihoods of residents of Githunguri Sub-County in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was based on the following variables: infrastructure development, healthcare, education support, and entrepreneurial development. The study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population under this study constituted project management committees from each of the four wards in Githunguri Sub County and tax administrators of County Government of Kiambu but who are attached in Githunguri Sub-County at the time of study, hence the researcher went for 15 tax administrators and 24 Project management committee members from the four wards as presented of Githunguri Sub-County, namely; Ikinu, Githinga, Ngewa and Komothai wards. This made a total of 39 members targeted whereby purposive sampling was employed to select respondents due to nature of the study. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented through percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. The information was presented by use of tables. This was done by tallying up responses, computing percentages of variations in response as well as describing and interpreting the data in line with the study objectives through use of SPSS. Keywords: Budget deficit, Tax expenditures and Tax Incentives. Title: Influence of Public Funds Utilization for Improvement of Livelihood of Residents of Githunguri Sub-County Author: FREDRICK G. NGERE MUCHAI, DR. A. KAGIRI International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to assess the link on causality between macro-economic variables and economic growth in Rwanda since 1997 up to 2015 using the evidence from unit root and co-integration test. The specific objectives of this study were; to evaluate the effect of consumer price index on economic growth, to determine the effect FDI growth on economic growth; to examine the effect of Money Supply on economic growth; to assess the effect of Interest rate growth on economic growth; to evaluate the effect of trade openness on economic growth; The results based on the Johansen co-integration tests and result to either a negative positive long-run relationship between macro-economic indicators and economic growth. Therefore, policies aiming at keeping macro-economic variables at a magnitude level should be supported in order to achieve economic growth. Keywords: inflation, economic growth, interest rate, unemployment, foreign direct investment and money supply. Title: MACRO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RWANDA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Author: Robinson Hakiza Mugisha, Jaya Shukla, Thomas Kigabo International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online), ISSN 2348-3156 (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study sought to examine the impact of personality disorders on academic performance among university students in Kenya. The study adopted the ex-post facto cross-sectional survey design. The target population was all undergraduate students, Deans of Students, Medical Officers, and Student Counsellors in all universalities in Kenya. Using simple random sampling, 4 universities were randomly selected from which a sample population of 384 students, 4 deans of students, 4 medical officers and 12 student counsellors were drawn from each university. A pilot study was conducted to ascertain validity and reliability of the research instruments. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation schedules, and an evaluation form. Data collected from respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics together with the computer Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that there was a high prevalence (94.8%) of personality disorders among university students, with the highest PDs being: paranoid (33.6%), obsessive-compulsive (16.4%), schizoid (13.5%), anti-social (6.5%) and narcissistic (5.2%). Only 16% of students had attended counselling while 84% had never and that university counselling services were effective. The study recommended (i) screening of undergraduates upon entry into university and upon exit. ii Strengthening counselling departments. Keywords: Academic performance, impact, personality disorders, antisocial, avoidant, borderline, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal. Title: Impact of Personality Disorders on Academic Performance among University Students in Kenya Author: SUSAN N. MANANA, PROF. PETER ODERA, DR. RUTH SIMIYU International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals