Vol 11 Issue 4 October 2023-December 2023

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of organizational leadership style on organizational performance at Kenyatta University in Kenya. The study used the following theories to fully comprehend and understand the research under study, Transformative, E-Learning, The Khan Model Theory and the Self Determination theories. The study adopted descriptive research design where 1629 non-teaching members of staff were targeted. Primary data and secondary data collection instruments were used. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to the participants. The final data was ordered, coded and analyzed using SPSS. The quantitative findings were presented in tables and figures where applicable. Findings revealed that organization leadership has a strong positive and significant influence on organization performance at Kenyatta University. The study concluded that good leadership establishes workplace duties of self-managed teams capable of handling issues that might arise in the absence of team leaders. The study recommends that the university leadership framework should create self-managed teams that can address grievances raised by non-teaching staff. This will ensure that issues that can be easily adjudicated by self-managed teams do not affect the university’s core mandate.

Keywords: Leadership Styles, Organization Performance, Leadership Framework.

Title: EFFECT OF ORGANIZATION LEADERSHIP STYLE ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE AT KENYATTA UNIVERSITY IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Susan Wanjiku Waguchu, Antony Sije

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 105-113

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Published Date: 18-October-2023

Abstract: The main objective of the study was to examine the influence of product development strategy on the performance of Nzoia Sugar Company (NSC). The study used a case study approach with a target population of 300 staff members to gain a full understanding of NSC. The respondents recruited recruited purposively from seven departments involved in the production which included Agriculture, Sales and Marketing, Factory, Human Resources, Finance, Strategy and Planning, and Procurement.  A sample size of 90 staff members; 2 Executive staff, 8 Section Heads, 31 Superintendents, and 49 Supervisors were used. The information was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was gathered by interviewing members of the workforce at the executive and business unit levels. Management reports and minutes, an annual work plan, reports from the strategic change management committee, and relevant formal letters and testimonials were used to collect secondary data. The data was assessed using content analysis to capture the prominent themes, and categories, and to aid in thematic analysis, which is one of the study's main aims. The study concluded that the product development had influence on performance of Nzoia Sugar Company in Kenya.

Keywords: Product Development, Strategy, Performance, Sugar Industry.

Title: INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NZOIA SUGAR COMPANY IN KENYA

Author: Edwina Akinyi Omollo, Antony Sije

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 93-104

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Published Date: 18-October-2023

Abstract: Teenage pregnancy is becoming a global catastrophe and a global threat. According to the Canadian International Development Agency, the average number of adolescents who become pregnant each year is greater than 16 million, and this number is continually rising. Pregnancy causes young women to drop out of school, which interrupts their education for a period. The situation is not different within Korogocho Slums in Nairobi County. This study assessed the influence of poverty on teenage pregnancy among school going teenagers in Korogocho slums in Nairobi County. The study was informed by Social Disorganization Theory and Intersectionality Theory. The study was guided by a descriptive survey design. The target population of the study involved 5 secondary schools within the slum, 10 social workers, 5 principals, 20 class teachers and 215 students were part of the sample used by the study. Student sample was achieved through stratified random sampling. Purposive sampling was employed for the social workers, class teachers and principals. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics by percentages, means and standard deviation. Content and thematic approaches were utilized in analyzing qualitative data. The findings from the study revealed significant associations between poverty and teenage pregnancy. Poverty showed strong positive correlations (r = 0.785, p < 0.05), indicating their substantial impact on teenage pregnancies. The regression analysis further confirmed the influence of poverty on teenage pregnancies, with a positive coefficient of 0.304. These findings highlight the importance of addressing socio-economic disparities to effectively mitigate teenage pregnancies within the community. Accordingly, the study advocates for increased investments in education and healthcare infrastructure, the implementation of comprehensive sex education, and the provision of youth-friendly sexual health services as effective measures to address this issue. It stresses the necessity of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to reduce teenage pregnancies and improve the overall well-being of adolescents.

Keywords: Poverty, Teenage, Pregnancy, Slums, School Going, Kenya, Nairobi, Korogocho, Slums.

Title: INFLUENCE OF POVERTY ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG SCHOOL GOING TEENAGERS IN KOROGOCHO SLUMS, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Salma Nanjira Musa Mkanga, Prof David Gichuhi, Dr Alice Omondi

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 85-92

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Published Date: 17-October-2023

Abstract: This paper investigates whether free trade agreements affect unionization rates. Union leaders have often been amongst the most vocal opponents of free trade agreements, arguing that expansion of access to international markets gives employers a reduced incentive to acquiesce to union demands, as firms can simply import the goods they need rather than paying arbitrarily high prices through the labor market. In this paper, I find evidence that unionization rates are not negatively impacted as a result of free trade agreements in the U.S., suggesting that foreign competition in the labor market impacts unions through other channels. Most notably, I predict that unions will instead lower their wage demands in response to free trade agreements, which makes union members more employable.

Keywords: unions, international trade, trade agreements.

Title: The Impact of Trade Agreements on Unionization Rates

Author: Brian Towell

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 80-84

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 14-October-2023

Abstract: Menopause is not a medical condition or an illness but a natural component of the life cycle, yet this topic remains unspoken, especially in the workplace. The study aimed at establishing the influence of physical environment on menopause crisis. The study was carried out among the female teachers in public primary schools in Laikipia County, Kenya. Female teachers were selected because they had experience on issues of menopause. The study adopted expost facto research design. The study was based on the Person-Environment-Occupation Theory of Occupational Performance. A sample of 234 female teachers was selected through stratified random sampling and cluster sampling while a sample of fifty (50) teacher counselors and five (5) sub directors of education from five sub counties were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection instruments were questionaire, interview schedules and focus group discussions. The results revealed that physical environment have a statistically significant influence on menopause crisis where (r²=0.683; p-value of 0.0398) which is significant at 0.05 confidence level The findings indicated that physical environment influences menopause crisis among female teachers in public primary schools. The study recommends that employers should give better consideration to female teachers undergoing menopause as an issue that affect their job.

Keywords: Physical working Environment, Menopause, Crisis.

Title: INFLUENCE OF THE SCHOOLS’ PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IN MANAGING MENOPAUSE CRISES AMONG FEMALE TEACHERS

Author: Wangui Ndung’u M., Ngumi Owen, Kay James

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 75-79

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-October-2023

Abstract: In order to attract and keep satisfied and productive employees, the management of water companies has adopted various HR management strategies that are aimed at promoting quality of life for their workforce. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWA) practices on job satisfaction in water companies. The study was conducted at Nyahururu Water and Sanitation Company (NWSC), Laikipia County in the month of March and April 2023. It was guided by Job Characteristics Model and the Herzburg's Two-Factor Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted all the 156 employees of the company. Proportionate stratified simple random sampling was used in selecting a sample size of 61 respondents. Both close ended and open-ended questionnaires were used in collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Multiple linear regression analysis model was used to determine the correlation between the study variables. Quantitative data was presented using statistical techniques in terms of means and frequencies.  The qualitative data was used to supplement interpretation of the quantitative data. The study concludes that that job satisfaction in the company has underlying issues related to flexible work arrangements that affect the workers in the company and which needs to be investigated more. The study concludes that regular assessment and addressing challenges associated with flexible work arrangements as a way to promote employee job satisfaction is important. This includes implementing policies and practices that allow for scheduling adjustments to accommodate individual needs and promoting a sense of empathy, compassion, and care for oneself and others. Employees need to be assigned tasks that align with their expertise and qualifications. The study recommends that management should take steps to improve the work environment, communication, and employee motivation. It should provide opportunities for employees to provide feedback and suggestions for improvement.

Keywords: Flexible Work Arrangements. HR management strategies, work environment, job satisfaction.

Title: The Influence of Flexible Work Arrangements on Employee Job Satisfaction in NYAHUWASCO Kenya

Author: Tabitha W. Njama, David M. Gichuhi, Erick Kipngeno Siele

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 70-74

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 10-October-2023

Abstract: Menopause crisis is not regarded as a major issue in most organizations and therefore is not considered at workplace. Among female teachers, it may be worsened by an unfavourable social working environment but the significance of these factors is not yet known. This study investigated the influence of schools’ social environment on menopause crisis for female teachers of public primary schools. The study utilized ex post facto research design because it was not possible or acceptable to influence the characteristics of respondents. The study was based on the Person-Environment-Occupation Theory of Occupational Performance. The researcher used stratified sampling, two stage clustered sampling, random sampling, and purposive sampling techniques. The sample of the study was 289 participants. The research instrument of the study was a structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion, and a key informant interview schedule. The results revealed that social environment has a statistically significant influence on menopause crisis with a Linear Regression analysis where (r²=0.645; p-value of 0.03). From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that, social environment influence menopause crisis. School administrators should provide working environments that are conducive to female teachers. Findings from the study provided insight that it is helpful to school managers to identify some of the social environment related gaps in their schools that need to be addressed in order to make their working environment more conducive to menopausal women. Policy makers will gain insight into initiatives that could ensure women teachers undergoing menopause are least affected socially.

Keywords: menopause, crisis, female teachers, coping, social environment.

Title: EFFECT OF THE SCHOOLS’ SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN MANAGING MENOPAUSE CRISES AMONG FEMALE TEACHERS

Author: Wangui Ndung’u M., Kay James, Ngumi Owen

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 63-69

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-October-2023

Abstract: In recent years, the international system has seen remarkable transformations in contrast to historical periods marked by nations involved in armed conflicts. Since the development of multilateral organisations and the recognition of globally accepted borders, the incidence of interstate conflicts has experienced a notable decline. Nevertheless, there has been a significant surge in the frequency of intrastate disputes, reaching an unparalleled magnitude. A significant proportion of present-day conflicts consist of intrastate wars, wherein a sovereign state becomes involved in acts of hostility within its own territorial boundaries. Although it can be contended that influential and burgeoning states with vested interests employ surrogate actors and engage in international interventions as a means to interfere in intrastate conflicts, however, upon careful consideration of the multitude of factors involved, it becomes evident that the key catalysts for the creation of intrastate conflicts are ethnic prejudices prevalent within states. The article aims to contend that ethno-nationalist conflicts served as the principal instigators of hostilities. It presents a comprehensive examination of the fundamental elements that contribute to interstate conflicts, as well as the distinguishing features of a recent war in contemporary political history primarily influenced by ethnic divisions. In other words, the piece aims to analyse the importance of ethnicity in contemporary conflicts and investigate various explanatory elements, such as religious ideologies, racial disparities, political dynamics, and economic and resource-related considerations. 

Keywords: Ethnic, Intrastate Conflicts, Culture, Economic Resource, Racial, Tribal.

Title: Exploring the Significance of Ethnicity in Contemporary Conflicts

Author: Mohamed O. Hagi Mohamoud

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 56-62

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-October-2023

Abstract: Sudan is characterized by a complex colonial history, distinct geographical characteristics, and a diverse tribal and ethnic composition. This has resulted in many central problems related to spatial and human development or to tribal conflicts of an ethnic nature and armed conflict, such that they threaten its survival as a cohesive state, especially in light of the growing international ambitions for its rich natural resources. There are many provisions in the documents of the various political agreements for peace with the rebel groups that address Sudan’s central issues, and such situations constitute topics for scientific research with the aim of achieving economic and political stability for Sudan and thus its geographical cohesion as a state. This research worked on that line and proposed a geographical strategy composed of a vision, a mission, five strategic objectives, thirteen strategies, and forty-one projects to keep Sudan a cohesive State. The proposed strategy strengthens/weakens the positive/negative Sudan’s central issues outlined in the text. However, it is necessary for the Sudanese, the politicians, and those in charge in particular, to become familiar with Sudan’s geography, as it will enable them to lay solid foundations for how to manage their country politically, economically, and socially

Keywords: negative geography, positive geography, geographic cohesion, central issues, threats to survival, peaceful efforts, geographical strategy.

Title: Under the threat of Partition: A Proposed Geographical Strategy for Sudan to Remain a cohesive state

Author: Samir Muhammad Ali Hassan Alredaisy

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 40-55

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 07-October-2023

Abstract: The study adopted a cross sectional research design, both qualitative and quantitative data research designed was adopted in this study. A total of 71 respondents were involved in the study. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized in the study however, primary data was obtained through questionnaires, which was used to acquire quantitative data while qualitative data was obtained through a semi structured in-depth questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed through the SPSS and presented as frequencies, percentages, and correlation output on tables, and while qualitative data were sorted, placed under broader themes and presented as direct quotation upon content. Data findings reveal that over all, authoritative parenting does not influence drug use in Urban District Zanzibar, adolescents unlike neglectful parenting which positively influences drug use among adolescents. Sober houses also foster adolescent inmates in developing relapse preventing skills such as gratification delay, problem solving and emotional regulation among others. It is therefore recommended that among others, efforts should be targeted towards primary prevention in schools and sensitization of families on parenting. It is therefore recommended that among others, efforts should be targeted towards primary prevention in schools and sensitization of families on parenting.

Keywords: acquire quantitative data, influence drug, families on parenting.

Title: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG THE ADOLESCENTS IN URBAN ZANZIBAR

Author: Khadija Bakari Salum

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 33-39

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-October-2023

Abstract: The current study sought to determine the risk factors associated to relapse among recovering addicts in the urban area of Unguja Zanzibar, Tanzania. The study employed cross-sectional research design and the mixed method was also utilized, enabling the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected from a sample of 74 respondents who are recovering drug addicts and have experienced relapse at least once in their recovery journey. The questionnaire and semi structured interview used in as tools of data collection. The Statistical Package for Social Science 18 software was utilized in accomplishing the analysis process. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and percentages while regression models were used to estimate the causal relationship between a dependent variable and the independent variables. Tables and figures were also used to present the analysis output. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study findings revealed that, social factors such as peer pressure, dysfunctional family relationships, constant criticism of the recovering addict, social triggers and a history of family drug use resulted in relapse tendencies. Lastly self-regulation problems such as inability to regulate drinking habits, inability to learn from mistakes, inability to consider consequences and failure to abide to personal standards resulted in relapse. It was recommended that among others, sober houses should mainstream programs that target the social environment, basic life skills development and emotional regulation as to enhance addict’s ability to maintain sobriety upon discharge from sobriety facilities.

Keywords: Relapse, Social risk factors and Self-regulation.

Title: RELAPSE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG RECOVERING ADDICTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA

Author: Ramadhan Bakar Abdulla

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 24-32

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-October-2023

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the relationship on self-esteem and academic engagement of college students in Zanzibar. The study employed correlation research design which was facilitated by only a quantitative research approach. Thus, the research used only quantitative methods to study research problems. The sample size of the study was 272 whereby Stratified sampling technique was used to obtain the sample size. The primary data was obtained through a questionnaire to gather quantitative data from NTA level 4 students.  The study used SPSS software for analysis of quantitative data, then the quantitative data were presented in descriptive statistic therefore tables were used to present data. The findings of the study revealed that the level of self-esteem is 65% for Zanzibar College students whereby by male scored only 30% while females scored higher for 35%. Also the finding revealed that students are reportedly active in engaging to various academic activities, such as seminar presentations, test, group discussions and self-studying. However there was areas that required attention, such as seeking assistance, generating argument and active participation in practicum field. Lastly, on a side of relationship the study revealed that there is significant core-relationship on self-esteem and academic engagement as findings revealed majority of students engage actively in academic engagements which positively core-relate with higher level of students’ self-esteem. The study concluded that a good level of academic engagement is highly determined by higher levels of self-esteem.  Therefore it was recommended that: instructors should Promote Positive Self-Perception, Encouraging positive self-talk and offer Support and Interventions of students to purposely enhance self-esteem which is determinant of good academic engagement and performance.

Keywords: Self-esteem, academic engagement, self-perception, self-evaluation support, intervention.

Title: THE RELATIONSHIP ON SELF-ESTEEM AND ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN ZANZIBAR: A CASE OF ZANZIBAR SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND GLORIOUS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Author: Ali Suleiman Ali, Dr. Hafsa M. Mwita, Dr. Mkumbo G. Mitula

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 17-23

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-October-2023

Abstract: The study employed cross-sectional research design which was facilitated by mixed method approach. And therefore study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. Simple randomly sampling was used to obtain 68 respondents. Quantitative data were obtained from respondents through questionnaire while qualitative data were obtained from respondents by using semi-structure interview. Furthermore, SPSS was used to analyse quantitative data and then presented as descriptive statistic in graphs and tables while qualitative data was analysed by using content analysis and presented by using direct quotes from respondents. Data findings revealed that addiction was highly prevalent 88% in Zanzibar, which was facilitated by the easy access of substances, a family history of addiction, peer pressure and neglectful and inappropriate parental supervision. Findings also reveal that neuroticism, extroversion and openness personality are positively associated to addiction. While,  conscientiousness and agreeableness had negative correlation with addiction. Recommendation as per study findings, it was recommended that, the ministry of health should support school and community-based initiatives to curb the high prevalence of addiction in Zanzibar. Also the Ministry of health and   Drug commissioner should utilize the media to reach families and sensitize then on appropriate parenting to curb addiction and drug abuse.

Keywords: quantitative data, Data findings, inappropriate parental supervision, ministry of health, Drug commissioner, drug abuse.

Title: THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON SUBSTANCE ADDICTION AMONG SOBER HOUSE INMATESIN THE URBAN WESTERN REGION OF ZANZIBAR

Author: AHMAD RASHID RAMADHAN

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 10-16

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-October-2023

Abstract: This research aims to analyze Technical Efficiency, Price Efficiency, and Economic Efficiency by examining the Production Function of Wetland Rice Farming and its impact on the income of Wetland Rice Farming in the Tiloan District of Buol Regency. This research was quantitative. The data for this study were obtained from rice farmers in the Tiloan District of Buol Regency. Hypothesis testing was conducted using multiple regression analysis and stochastic frontier estimation with the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) method. The analysis results, measured in terms of the Allocation of Production Factors, indicated that the partial use of the land area, urea fertilizer, family labor, and pesticides had a significant effect on production, while seed, ponska fertilizer, and external labor did not have a significant partial effect on production. On average, wetland rice farmers in the research location did not use production factors efficiently, as indicated by technical efficiency, price efficiency (allocative), and economic efficiency values less than 1, which are 0.74, 0.31, and 0.22. The sources of inefficiency that affected production were farming experience, production costs, and extension frequency. The income of wetland rice farmers in the research location can be considered relatively high, with a total income of IDR 913,373,600 or IDR 13,786,771.32 per hectare or an average of IDR 4,963,237.68 per respondent per harvest season. The comparison ratio between revenue and costs was 2.56, indicating that by spending IDR 1,000,000,-, one could earn IDR 2,560,000,-. Therefore, it can be said that wetland rice farming in the research location is worth pursuing because the R/C ratio is greater than 1 (R/C > 1). The role of agricultural institutions in improving farm efficiency in the research area was still relatively low. It could continue to be enhanced to motivate farmers to achieve higher levels of farm efficiency, as explained by the results of simple regression analysis, which showed that the coefficients of technical efficiency, price (allocative) efficiency, and economic efficiency were 0.098, 0.003, and 0.032, respectively.

Keywords: Production Factors, Social Characteristics, Efficiency, Income.

Title: Efficiency of Lowland Rice Farming In the Tiloan District of Buol Regency

Author: Lilyansi, Arifuddin Lamusa, Made Antara, Marhawati Mappatoba, Hadayani, Muh Nur Sangadji

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2023 - December 2023

Page No: 1-9

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 02-October-2023