Vol 13 Issue 4 October 2025-December 2025

Abstract: Background: Palm wine (sap from Elaeis guineensis) is known to have alcoholic contents which increases upon fermentation, yet it is being consumed in large and chronic dimensions without strict government regulations. Aim: This study aimed at investigating the effects of sub-acute administration of fermented Elaeis guineensis sap (palm wine) on the pre-frontal cortex of the brain using adult wistar rats. Methodology: Unadulterated palm wine (Elaeis guineensis Sap) was diluted with 50% clean tap water, and allowed to ferment at room temperature for 24 hours before being administered to the rats. Twenty five (25) healthy male wistar rats with average weight of 200g were divided into five groups (n=5). Group A served as the normal controls and received only distilled water daily. Group B, C, D, and E were received increasing volumes of fermented palm wine via oral routes in increasing progressions (1ml, 2ml, 4ml, and 8ml respectively). The experimental procedure lasted for 14 days. 24 hours after their last administration, the rats were sacrificed under ketamine (100mg/ml) as anesthesia. Their brain mass were carefully harvested, the prefrontal cortices were isolated for histological analyses and stained with Cresyl Fast Violet and also Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: Treated groups showed progressive dose-related injuries evidenced by vacuolation of neurons, dilation of perivascular spaces, fatty changes, neuronal atrophy and loss of nissl bodies. Severity of these effects increased as dosage increased. Conclusion: Fermented Elaeis guineensis Sap demonstrated a clear dose-dependent deleterious effects on the histomorphorlogy of the prefrontal cortex.

Keywords: Elaeis guineensis, Alcoholic beverage, Pre-frontal cortex, Neurotoxicity.

Title: EFFECTS OF SUB-ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF FERMENTED ELAEIS GUINEENSIS SAP (PALM WINE) ON THE PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX OF ADULT WISTAR RATS

Author: Christian Chiemeka Ozor, Chike Ikechukwu Patric Anibeze, Godson Emeka Anyanwu

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 148-156

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 31-December-2025

Abstract: Vijay​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ Tendulkar is considered as one of the most significant contemporary voices of Indian theatre and has essentially changed the way social realities are represented in the play. This dissertation reviews the ways in which patriarchal violence and female agency coalesce on Tendulkar's dramatic stage utilizing feminist literary criticism and postcolonial gender theory as a compass. This paper draws upon close reading of the text of five plays: Silence! The Court is in Session (1967); Sakharam Binder (1972); Kamala (1981); The Vultures (1970); Encounter in Umbugland (1967)— to demonstrate how women escape the patriarchal oppression and, at the same time, discover means of agency in, some of which are quite and imperceptible. The study reveals that the depiction of women in Tendulkar's dramatized work is not only a straightforward exegesis of the oppressed, but rather a complicated dialectical relationship between victimization and empowered agency. This research adds to the existing literature by its comprehensive examination of both patriarchal violence and female resistance in Tendulkar's plays making a significant step forward in feminist theatre criticism as well as postcolonial gender ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌studies.

Keywords: Vijay Tendulkar, patriarchal violence, female agency, Indian drama, feminist theater, gender studies.

Title: Staging Resistance Gender and Feminist Interventions in Vijay Tendulkar's Drama

Author: Gowsalya Devi .A

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 138-147

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 29-December-2025

Abstract: Understanding the financial situation of an organization is crucial for effective decision-making and the quality of financial accounting information plays a significant role in this process. This research investigated how the quality of financial accounting information has an effects on decision-making within public benefit organizations (PBOs) in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A survey research design was employed to explore the relationship between financial accounting information quality and decision-making among these organizations. The study targeted a population of 1,203 registered public benefit organizations in Uasin Gishu County. A sample of 200 organizations, representing 2% of each stratum, was selected for the research. Data was collected from these organizations using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics such as multiple regression analysis, were utilized to examine the data. The findings revealed that the dimensions of financial accounting information—comparability, reliability, and relevance—were crucial for decision-making in public benefit organizations in Uasin Gishu County. The correlation analysis showed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between these dimensions and decision-making. Additionally, regression analysis confirmed a positive association between comparability, reliability, relevance, and decision-making outcomes. In conclusion, the study found that financial accounting information in the public benefit organizations in Uasin Gishu County had sufficient levels of comparability, reliability, and relevance, making these characteristics essential for decision-making. The researcher recommends that management should enhance both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of financial statements to ensure they are easily comparable to industry standards. Further research is suggested to explore similar issues in the private sector to determine whether the findings are consistent or vary, and to investigate the reasons behind any differences.

Keywords: Comparable Accounting Information; Trustworthiness of Financial Accounting Information; Financial Accounting; Decision-Making.

Title: EFFECT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING INFORMATION QUALITY ON DECISION-MAKING IN PUBLIC BENEFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Irene Cherono

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 122-137

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 18-December-2025

Abstract: Wellness tourism has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by travelers’ increasing desire for physical, mental, and emotional well-being. At the same time, mobile applications have become a core part of everyday life and have transformed how travelers plan, experience, and reflect on wellness journeys. This conceptual review explores how mobile apps support wellness tourism through information access, personalization, service integration, motivation, and user engagement. By examining theoretical insights, technology adoption concepts, and emerging digital wellness trends, this study highlights the strategic importance of mobile technologies for wellness tourism providers. The paper concludes with implications for tourism destinations, app developers, and policymakers, and proposes directions for future research

Keywords: Wellness Tourism, Mobile Apps, Digital Well Being, Technology Integration.

Title: The Role of Mobile Apps in Supporting Wellness Tourism: A Conceptual Review

Author: N.D.Gunasekara, K.K.A.H.Kumarasinghe

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 115-121

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 13-December-2025

Abstract: Semi-mechanized abattoirs are central to Nigeria’s meat supply, yet their slaughter halls remain largely unregulated zones, with workers exposed to a range of airborne contaminants daily. This study investigates the air quality inside one of the busiest semi-mechanized abattoirs in Akure, southwestern Nigeria. A low-cost, precisely calibrated sensor system was deployed to monitor PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, ammonia (NH₃), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) every thirty minutes over a ten-week period. After data cleaning, 1,900 reliable observations were obtained. Findings were striking. Average concentrations of PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ exceeded both WHO and NESREA guidelines, at times by three to five times the recommended limits. Additionally, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide levels peaked during periods of intense slaughter activity, when wastewater accumulated, humidity increased, and air movement was minimal. Random Forest Regression analysis indicated that the number of animals processed, humidity, and ventilation rates were the primary drivers of pollution, collectively accounting for up to half of the observed variability. The most severe pollution episodes including PM₂.₅ above 120 µg/m³ or ammonia over 6 ppm sustained for at least one hour were consistently recorded on the busiest market days, particularly when humidity exceeded 80% and the air was stagnant. A decision-matrix approach identified improved cross-ventilation as the most effective and practical mitigation, reducing pollution by approximately 28–30%. More frequent removal of paunch contents and adjustments to work schedules also contributed to reductions, but to a lesser extent. While biofilters could theoretically offer superior air cleaning, their costs remain prohibitive for facilities of this type. This study goes beyond pollutant measurement, demonstrating how high-resolution sensor data and advanced analysis can inform interventions aligned with NESREA standards. The main conclusion is clear: enhanced ventilation, real-time air quality monitoring, and strengthened health policies are essential to protect workers and the surrounding community. These measures represent meaningful progress for public health and advance Nigeria’s efforts toward achieving SDG 3 and SDG 11.

Keywords: semi-mechanized abattoir; indoor air quality; particulate matter (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀); ammonia (NH₃); hydrogen sulfide (H₂S); low-cost sensors; Random Forest Regression; ventilation mitigation; occupational exposure; NESREA guidelines; high-resolution monitoring; environmental engineering.

Title: HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-SENSOR ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN A SEMI-MECHANIZED NIGERIAN ABATTOIR AND ENGINEERING-BASED EVALUATION OF MITIGATION STRATEGIES

Author: Olatunji Omoniyi, Christopher O. Akinbile

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 103-114

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-December-2025

Abstract: Learning disabilities (LDs) such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, ADHD, and processing disorders challenge students’ ability to engage with traditional educational materials. With the rapid growth of mobile technology, e-learning apps provide a promising avenue for creating accessible and personalized learning environments. This research proposes a conceptual framework for a mobile e-learning application designed specifically for learners with learning disabilities. The framework integrates principles of inclusive design, multimodal instructional strategies, adaptive learning, assistive technologies, and learner analytics. It also evaluates existing e-learning platforms and identifies gaps in accessibility and user-centered design. The proposed model aims to guide future development of accessible mobile learning systems that address the diverse cognitive needs of LD learners

Keywords: Learning Disabilities, Mobile App, Accessibility, Universal Design for Learning, educational app.

Title: Framework for a Mobile E-Learning App for Students with Learning Disabilities

Author: N.D.Gunasekara, S.D.Mahawela

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 98-102

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-December-2025

Abstract: Despite increased investment in healthcare infrastructure and outreach services, including humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to experience critical failures in healthcare service utilization. Traditional access models, such as Andersen’s Behavioral Model, inadequately explain why resources, despite being technically available, fail to reach intended beneficiaries or translate into improved outcomes. This study introduces and empirically validates Bull’s Resource-to-Access Conversion Theory (B-RACT), a systems-level theoretical framework that explains the persistent gap between resource availability and actual healthcare access in fragile, corrupt, or poorly governed contexts. Central to B-RACT is the novel construct of the Resource-to-Access Conversion Gap (RACG), which captures both structural and perceptual barriers, including corruption, lack of accountability, service opacity, and institutional distrust that obstruct the effective utilization of resources. Using a 35-item instrument derived from the model and tested in a LMIC sample (N = 300), the study confirms B-RACT’s core propositions through correlation, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. The model explained 52.7% of the variance in self-reported health outcomes, with healthcare utilization (β = .501, p < .001) and trust in the health system (β = .213, p < .01) emerging as significant predictors. RACG negatively predicted trust (β = –.472), while governance accountability positively predicted trust and mitigated RACG. Importantly, effect size analysis revealed that healthcare utilization had a large effect (f² = 0.61), trust in the health system a medium effect (f² = 0.23), and RACG a large effect (f² = 0.59) in predicting health outcomes and mediating system trust. These results further reinforce the explanatory power of B-RACT in diagnosing systemic inefficiencies and access failures. Beyond LMICs, B-RACT has broad application in complex emergencies, refugee settings, and disaster response, where the breakdown of accountability mechanisms impedes access. By shifting the analytic lens from resource inputs to the integrity of conversion mechanisms—emphasizing trust, governance, and legitimacy, B-RACT provides a powerful tool for global health policy reform, humanitarian health programming, and implementation science.

Keywords: B-RACT, Resource-to-Access Conversion Gap (RACG), health systems, service utilization, LMICs, governance accountability, humanitarian access, effect sizes.

Title: Resource-to-Access Conversion Theory (B-RACT): A New Model for Understanding Service Utilization Failures and Resource Conversion Gaps in Healthcare Delivery in Third World Countries

Author: Dr. David Augustine Bull

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 56-97

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-November-2025

Abstract: Since gaining independence in 1947, India has implemented ambitious developmental strategies, including centralized planning, market-oriented reforms, and, more recently, governance facilitated by digital technology. Even with these improvements, there are still gaps between policy design and execution that might hurt developmental outcomes. This study investigates the structural and procedural factors contributing to implementation deficiencies, contextualized within institutional fragmentation, constrained administrative capacity, issues in federal-state collaboration, and shortcomings in accountability. The paper also examines the increasing significance of public–private partnerships and digital governance frameworks, which concurrently generate potential for efficiency and introduce novel coordination hazards.

The research utilizes a comprehensive analytical framework that incorporates traditional implementation theories (Pressman & Wildavsky, Sabatier & Mazmanian, and Lipsky’s street-level bureaucracy) alongside institutionalist viewpoints and modern governance innovations. By comparing landmark programs since 1947, this article identifies major obstacles to effective policy implementation and points forth the conditions that are necessary for success. The findings suggest that long-term implementation requires robust institutional capability, bureaucratic support attached with incentives, federated financial alignment, as well as the intentional use of digital technology. The report concludes by mapping a journey to 2047, highlighting institutional reform, adaptive governance processes, and evidence-based policymaking as critical to achieving India’s goals for development..

Keywords: Public policy implementation; Public administration; Institutional capacity; Public–private partnership (PPP); Federal–state coordination; Governance reforms; Implementation gap; Digital governance; India 1947–2047; Policy evaluation.

Title: Institutional Mechanisms, Governance Challenges, and Public–Private Synergies: An Analytical Study of Policy Implementation in India since 1947

Author: Ujjwal Kumar

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 51-55

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 30-October-2025

Abstract: Background: Persistence and early leadership readiness are critical outcomes in healthcare management education, yet the psychosocial mechanisms that support them remain under-specified. This study tested whether students’ adoption of a growth mindset relates to academic persistence, resilience, and leadership readiness, and whether resilience mediates the growth-mindset → leadership-readiness pathway.

Methods: In a cross-sectional survey of healthcare management students (N = 220), participants completed validated measures of growth mindset, resilience, academic persistence, and leadership readiness. Analyses used zero-order correlations and a regression-based mediation model with completely standardized coefficients (β). Inference for the indirect effect relied on bias-corrected bootstrap (BCa) 95% confidence intervals, with normal-theory estimates reported for transparency.

Results: Growth mindset was positively associated with academic persistence (r = .363, 95% CI [.242, .473], p < .001; R² = .132) and resilience (r = .522, 95% CI [.419, .612], p < .001; R² = .272). For leadership readiness, the total association with growth mindset was r = .571 (p < .001). In the mediation model, growth mindset predicted resilience (a = .522), resilience predicted leadership readiness controlling for growth mindset (b ≈ .425), and the direct path remained positive (c′ ≈ .349). The indirect effect was ab ≈ .222, accounting for approximately 39% of the total association (PM = .389). BCa bootstrap 95% CI for the indirect effect excluding zero, indicating statistically reliable mediation. The joint model explained ~46% of the variance in leadership readiness (R² ≈ .457).

Conclusions: Among healthcare management students, endorsing a growth mindset is linked to greater persistence and resilience and predicts leadership readiness both directly and via resilience. Findings identify a belief-to-capacity-to-readiness mechanism with actionable implications: pairing mindset-supportive pedagogy with structured resilience training may enhance retention and leader preparation.

Limitations & Implications: Cross-sectional, self-report data limit causal inference; longitudinal or experimental designs are warranted. Programs can leverage these effect-size benchmarks to design and evaluate interventions that integrate mindset scaffolding and resilience-building within authentic, challenge-rich learning experiences.

Keywords: growth mindset, resilience, persistence, leadership readiness, higher education.

Title: Developing Resilient Healthcare Leaders: Applying Growth Mindset Theory in Higher Education

Author: Dr. David Augustine Bull

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 31-50

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 22-October-2025

Abstract: This paper presents the modeling and simulation of a bi-directional converter system designed for efficient energy exchange between a solar-powered microgrid and the national grid. The system enables two-way power flow, exporting surplus energy from distributed generation to the grid and importing power during low-generation periods while maintaining voltage and frequency stability. Using MATLAB/Simulink, the converter was modelled with integrated control features including a Proportional–Integral (PI) regulator for voltage and current control, and a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. The system performance was analyzed under varying solar irradiance and load conditions to evaluate its stability, conversion efficiency, and harmonic distortion. Simulation results demonstrated that the converter sustained a stable DC link voltage of 380 V with deviations below 2%, achieved a peak efficiency of 95.8%, and maintained a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of less than 3.5%. These findings confirm that bi-directional converters are essential for enhancing microgrid reliability, energy efficiency, and tariff accuracy when integrated with bi-directional metering. The proposed model provides a practical foundation for intelligent renewable energy management and supports the development of sustainable distributed power systems.

Keywords: Bi-directional converter, microgrid integration, MATLAB/Simulink, renewable energy, power flow control, grid synchronization, energy efficiency, harmonic distortion.

Title: Modelling of a Bi-directional Converter System for Sustainable Microgrid Integration

Author: Okechukwu Cletus, Mgbachi C.A.C, Ilo F.U, Odeh.A.A

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 25-30

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 15-October-2025

Abstract: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing technologies have revolutionized the study of the gut microbiota, allowing for detailed characterization of microbial communities. Techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing enable researchers to identify and quantify bacterial populations in fecal samples with high precision. In this study, biochemical and molecular analyses of Bacillus spp in infant fecal samples in selected IDP camps in Guma local government area, Benue State, North central Nigeria was carried out. Stool samples were randomly collected from infants aged 7 to 12 months using sterile, leak-proof containers. Participants were each provided with an ice bag containing an emesis basin (Ref. 104AA200, PRIM S.A Spain), a 50-mL sterile sampling bottle (Ref. 409526.1, Deltalab, Spain), and a sterile spatula (Ref. 441142.2, Deltalab, Spain). A total of two hundred (200) stool samples were collected from ten sampling locations, 20 samples per location in the three IDP camps. Each sample was sealed and appropriately labeled and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Joseph Sawuan Tarka University Makurdi for bacteriological evaluation. DNA was extracted from a sample using a modified protocol. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed in a thermocycler (model). The sequence library was prepared using the Oxford nanopore (ONT) SQK-RBK114-24 protocol. Biochemical tests presented confirmed the rod-shaped isolates as Bacillus spp. The isolates tested positive to catalase, citrate, nitrate reduction, mannitol, glucose and gram reaction while taking its normal rod shape structure. Seven (7) samples analyzed genotypically using PCR were confirmed as Bacillus spp. Results revealed the presence of three species of Bacillus; Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis in the seven samples. Bacillus siamensis strain Bk6y1 and Bacillus velezensis strain GBWR73 were strains of B. siamensis and velezensis respectively. They were obtained from samples at Daudu camp 1 and Uikpiam camp respectively. Bacillus subtilis dominated the samples (5 out of 7) with different strains at Daudu camp 1 and 2. The strains were: B. subtilis strain CS-P-4, B. subtilis strain BS34A, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis AZFS, B. subtilis strain HSB2 and B. subtilis strain PSBC28. Sequence results of the 16sRNA revealed the isolates as three species of Bacillus. They were Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis. Bacillus subtilis dominated the samples with different strains including B. subtilis strain CS-P-4, B. subtilis strain BS34A, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis AZFS, B. subtilis strain HSB2 and B. subtilis strain PSBC28.

Keywords: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Microbiology Laboratory, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Title: Biochemical and Molecular Analyses of Bacillus spp in Infant Fecal Samples in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camps in Guma Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria

Author: Ihula D. Hembadoon, Ihula JP., Ubogu M., Olasan O. J.

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 17-24

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 15-October-2025

Abstract: Mega-projects, very large projects, lead the engineering and construction industry. Specifically, those operated by Saudi Aramco require a globally standardized approach to project management to be effective, cost-efficient, and timely. This technical paper explores how standardization can be used to streamline the byproducts of projects, with specific application to lean construction, risk management, digital transformation, role of stakeholders, obstacles, and implementation strategy. The convergence of technologies, like Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Internet of Things (IoT), is a significant force behind standardizing technology. The discussion will be based on the context of Saudi Arabia's engineering and construction industry, with a focus on applications. Among the recommendations are the adoption of integrated frameworks in order to limit wastage, improve decision-making, and harmonize the aims and objectives of projects and organizational goals. This paper seeks to deliver practical solutions for enhancing project management in the complicated portfolio of Saudi Aramco.

Keywords: Mega-projects, very large projects, Building Information Modelling (BIM), construction industry.

Title: Standardization of Project Management Practices across Mega-Projects

Author: Ghassan Omar

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 12-16

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 10-October-2025

Abstract: This paper is written to introduce the application of the project management life cycle to the infrastructure projects (metro construction project as a case study). Metro construction should technically and economically be optimized to achieve maximum efficiency. In this regard, the selection of a project management life cycle methodology is very important to achieve these project objectives. Underground constructions in urban regions, such as metro construction, have been largely used for extending daily human life into underground spaces. Therefore, the recognition of the complex elements of a metro construction can play a significant role in its project management and planning. This study aims to investigate these complexities in subway construction. This may develop the possibility of high predictability for these challenges. As metro projects are also urban underground projects, both internal and external issues are studied, and their impacts on project management are discussed. It is concluded that exceptional differences in the management and planning of these constructions is that combined internal and external complexities are carried out simultaneously.

Keywords: Project life cycle, infrastructure, underground, metro.

Title: The Application of Project Life Cycle Method to the Infrastructure Projects

Author: Awad Eisa G. Mohamed, Maaz Osman Bashir

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 6-11

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-October-2025

Abstract: This article offers an extensive overview of the essential elements of the change order process within project management. It outlines a structured approach to initiating, evaluating, and approving change orders, providing practical insights into successful negotiation techniques with contractors and stakeholders. The focus is on ensuring that changes enhance project results instead of causing disruptions to schedules or budgets. Furthermore, the article underscores the vital significance of upholding fairness, transparency, and integrity throughout the change order process to build trust, reduce conflicts, and maintain the overarching goals of the project.

Keywords: project management, successful negotiation techniques, Furthermore.

Title: Mastering the Change Order Process: Turning Challenges into Opportunities

Author: Zeyad A. AlGhamdi, Moaath AlThawadi, Asma AlFattoh

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 1-5

Research Publish Journals

Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-October-2025