Vol 4 Issue 2 October 2016-March 2017

Abstract: This paper analyses the effect of resource non-substitutability on sustainable competitiveness empirically. The analysis is embedded on the Resource Based View model (RBV and the balanced scorecard). According to RBV of strategic Management, competitive advantage is closely related to companies’ internal characteristics (value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability). Although RBV is considered one of the most influential theories of strategic management, this paper unveils the empirical evidence of resource non-substitutability on sustainable competitiveness in the service industry (universities). A sample of 262 was selected from 2 universities in Kenya (one private and one public). Using the regression analysis, findings revealed that the public university was superior in resource non-substitutability than the private university and also that resource non-substitutabilty does not contribute to sustainable competitiveness in universities. Keywords: Resource Based View, Resource value; Rarity, Inimitability and Non-substitutability. Title: Resource Non-Substitutability as a Predictor of Sustainable Competitiveness Author: Dr. Lydia Jeptoo Maket International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The aim of this study was to discuss the possible relationship between nature and the disclosure of environmental responsibility and cost of capital as an indicator of financial performance economic corporation, in five main division; In the second section after the introduction of what has been disclosed environmental and economic institutions to address and motives; in section III dedicate an indicator of capital appreciation and methods of cost, we have tried in part IV discussion and analysis of the relationship between disclosure environmental and cost of capital (theories and determinants), and have been in the fifth section display the most important conclusions and recommendations. The paper concluded that environmental disclosure would reduce the cost of capital, and through the agency mechanism cost asymmetry in information, and in light of an efficient financial market investors and it provides a great deal of environmental awareness. Keywords: Environmental Disclosure effect, economic institutions. Title: Environmental Disclosure effect with the Cost of Capital Author: Azeddin Tahir Tabani Arab International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Socio economic empowerment of women is highly significant issue of our times. Over the past few decades worldwide women empowerment has been an issue of immense contemplation and discussion. This agenda certainly has been on top of the lists of most government plans and programs as well. In India there are so many saints and statesmen who have struggled hard for empowerment of women. In a developing nation like India empowerment of women is a multi-dimensional aspect which demands active participation of various stakeholders. Series of constitutional promotional and protective measures are designed and implemented in India to achieve goal of empowerment of women. In present time’s women studies has become an important branch of academic mainstream in India. Rapid progress in SHG formation has now turned into an empowerment movement among women across the country. More recently series of innovative approaches are adopted to ensure equality of empowerment and opportunity to women in all respects. Gender justice and empowerment is considered as a vital necessity in India. Educational and social empowerment includes orientation, training and academic progress of women. Physical empowerment includes nutrition, health, food, sanitation, life expectancy and growth. Micro finance certainly is a major tool for women empowerment and is necessary to overcome exploitation, create confidence for economic self-reliance of the poor and downtrodden, particularly rural women. Social empowerment of women includes better status in the family, right to property, social freedom, social mobility, family welfare, gender equity and social transformation. Economic empowerment of women as such includes control of research right to property, improvement in standard of living, fulfillment of essential and basic needs, entrepreneurship development and also improvement of bargaining power of women. Legal empowerment of women includes constitutional protection, protection against gender based discrimination, fundamental rights, women courts, women specific laws and other safety measures. Political empowerment includes political participation, political reservation and political leadership development of women. On the outset spiritual empowerment includes emancipation from misbelieves, superstitions, certain customs, traditions and unhealthy practices that which safeguard the interests of women. In present times, state, civil society, media institutions, universities, social organizations, non-government organizations and certain other institutions are called upon to work together to achieve the goal of social and economic empowerment of women in India. Also series of intellectual, innovative research and developmental initiatives are also developed with a better view to empower women in all respects. Keywords: Women empowerment, economic empowerment, bargaining power, family welfare, gender equity, civil society, fundamental rights. Title: AN ANALYSIS OF RECENT TRENDS, ISSUES, FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF SOCIO ECONOMIC WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA Author: Abhinaya H, Jayadatta S International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The evolution of green administration for keep alive evolve the impulse to the necessity for balance between industrial growth for valuable formation and secure escort the natural environment for future origination. These research paper indicates significant toil in green HRM research from 2012 to 2017.The objective of this research paper to evolve an view on green HRM practices in organization based on the existing literature .A methodical review of literature was conducted on the following ,HR practices such as recruitment ,selection ,induction training deed position Administration compensation management and displacing .The aim of this paper is to extend the scope of fresh and vigorous human resources custom in unspiritual prospect. Keywords: fresh and vigorous human custom. Title: Fresh and Vigorous Human Resource Custom: A Fresh Prospect to Keep Alive Author: Sr Valsa International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: To have access to wider markets quite a number of companies see co-branding as an effective market entry strategy and this has proven to be highly rewarding for some global players. Even though co-branding has its own associated risks, when done well, it can be rewarding. An important issue of concern in this study is the country of origin fit factor. It is assumed that if country of origin fit is high it will affect consumers’ purchase intention more positively than when country of origin fit is low. That not withstanding, it is also assumed that, a change in the brand name order will also affect the relationship between country of origin fit and purchase intention. The study sought to prove that, irrespective of the countries or brands involved in the co-branding, a change in the brand name from “AB” to “BA” where “A” is the host brand and “B” is the partner brand, elicited a change in consumers’ purchase decision. This shows how brand name order plays an influential role in consumers’ purchase decision. Keywords: co-branding, country of origin fit, brand name order. Title: Does Brand Name Order Really Matter in The Relationship Between Country of Origin Fit and Purchase Intention? Author: Benjamin Nobi International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Key purpose of this paper is to evaluate such factors which are responsible for an organization’s security preparedness against potential environmental threats and also intends to determine employees’ preferences on such factors that determine an organization’s preparedness. Design/Methodology: Exploratory study was used to identify the most critical factors in ensuring an organization’s preparedness in hostile environment against potential threats. Simple Random Sampling was used to select the respondents from various Indian organizations. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed and mailed, out of which 144 valid responses were collected, resulting in an 80 per cent response rate. Findings: It has been found that physical security is the most demanded of all security forms in any organization, which mainly includes basic housekeeping, security passes (for both employees and visitors), baggage screening, bulletproof glasses, alarm systems and so on. It was also found that security expectations do not differ with respect to gender or work experience of employees. Implications: In order to make its employees feel safe and protected, every organization must strive to ensure security preparedness up to some extent. No organization can expect continuous employee engagement in case of uncertainty amongst its employees related to their security and well-being. Therefore it becomes imperative for organizations to ensure organizational security through best in-class measures. Keywords: Organizational security preparedness, Hostile environments. Title: Organizational Security Preparedness in Hostile Environments Author: Rajat Kumar Sharma International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper examined succession planning, mentoring and employees career progression. The purpose to do a conceptual, theoretical and empirical review of literature on succession planning and mentoring. Thus after a general review of literatures it appears there is a consensus in literature that succession planning and mentoring is a process that needs to be properly implemented in organizations, as pointed out by the researches in the review that there are benefits and returns achieved by firms that had implemented successfully, succession planning and mentoring. Keywords: Succession Planning, Mentoring, Employee Development, Career Progression. Title: Succession Planning, Mentoring and Employees Career Progression Author: SHOLESI OLAYINKA YUSUF, JAYEOBA, FOLUSO ILESANMI, IBIRONKE, ADEKUNLE EMMANUEL International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of firm system on the performance of cement firms in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach – Census enquiry was used to get the purposive sample of 120 sectional managers in all the 6 cement firms in Kenya, who filled out the questionnaire. The results were analyzed using descriptive research design, inferential statistical analyses and linear regression tests. Findings – Correlation analysis established that firm system was positively and significantly correlated with the firm performance. Originality/value – The success and failure of any organizational entity or business concern depends greatly on its ability to integrate available resources, whether human or material, and combine them in the most efficient and productive manner. Keywords: McKinsey 7S framework, Firm system, Performance. Title: Influence of Firm System on the Performance of Cement firms in Kenya Author: Sikujua Seboru, Clive Mukanzi, Joyce Nzulwa, Thomas Senaji International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of employee’s skills on the performance of cement firms in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach – Census enquiry was used to get the purposive sample of 120 sectional managers in all the 6 cement firms in Kenya, who filled out the questionnaire. The results were analyzed using descriptive research design, inferential statistical analyses and linear regression tests. Findings – Correlation analysis established that employee’s skills were positively and significantly correlated with the firm performance. Originality/value – Skill shortages are often portrayed as a major problem for the economies of many countries. Yet, there is surprisingly little evidence about their prevalence, causes and consequences. Keywords: McKinsey 7S framework, Employees’ skills, Performance. Title: Influence of Employee’s Skills on the Performance of Cement firms in Kenya Author: Sikujua Seboru, Clive Mukanzi, Joyce Nzulwa, Thomas Senaji International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Malaysian Government–linked Companies (GLCs) is defined as a business entity where the government has a direct controlling stake. Business element incorporates in the definition exhibits that there is a need for GLCs to has a profit motive, while at the same time, be part of government policies in developing the nation, as the government owns it. Despite this, GLCs presences in the economy are significant, with the market capitalization of USD1.7 billion. Due to GLCs conflicting objectives and significant presence in the market, issues of its corporate governance and performance are often debated among scholars. The Asian Financial Crisis 1997 has badly hit GLCs performance and poor governance is seen as the cause. Therefore, the government embarked a 10-year transformation program known as Government-linked Companies Transformation Program (GLCTP) that ended in 2015, among others to improve GLCs governance. Other than this, New Economic Model (NEM) and government policy on women directors on corporate board were introduced in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Hence, the current study aims to see the impact of government policies on the improvement in governance of all listed GLCs by assessing their board structure before and after the program through a selection of 29 GLCs that were listed on the Bursa Malaysia between 2004 and 2015. A further analysis was done to compare the board structure of GLCs with non-GLCs by using a control sample of 29 companies with a government shareholding of less than 5%. For the first aim of the study, the finding reveals that GLCs board size, the number of independent and executive directors have shown to have insignificant changes between 2004 and 2015. However, women, politician/government official/ex-government official and professional directors on GLCs board exhibit significant changes in numbers between the two years. The insignificance difference on board size, a number of independent and executive directors of GLCs between 2004 and 2015 is because these criteria have already met the directive of the Listing Requirement (LR) of the Bursa Malaysia, Malaysia Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG), GLCTP and NEM. The finding concludes that government policies such as the GLCTP, NEM has enhanced the GLCs board structure in 2015, compared with 2004. Though the percentage of women on board has not achieved 30% as announced by the government, the increased in numbers compare to 2004 has shown an improvement in compliance with the policy. In comparing board governance between GLCs and non-GLCs, the finding release that, except for women on board criteria, the rest are significantly difference between GLCs and non-GLCs. The difference in a number of politician/government official/ex-government official and professional directors on the board of both GLCs and non-GLCs is due to the government interference in GLCs. However, the number of women directors in both companies has no difference, implying that non-GLCs are also accepting government policy and implement it in their board structure. This empirical study provides information on the impact of the government program in improving governance of GLCs that is crucial to its performance and market perceptions. Keywords: government ownership, agency theory, corporate governance, Malaysia, transformation program. Title: THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICY ON THE GOVERNANCE OF MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT-LINKED COMPANIES Author: Hartini Binti Mohd Nasir International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study aimed at finding the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of agro - pastoralists in Arumeru district. The study used questionnaires, structured interview and focus group discussion as data collecting tools. The sample included 130 respondents. The findings show that the livelihoods of the local communities are diversely impacted by climate change. Among the impacts discovered are health problems, decline of agriculture and food security, and loss of land, human displacement, and shortage of clean and safe water. Furthermore, the study concludes that poor local people in the study area need external help and support to effectively cope with changing climate and adapt to current and future climate change. It was discovered that adopting seasonal water harvesting practices, such as roof water harvesting and water catchments would be particularly beneficial to poor local people. Educating agro - pastoralists through training and workshops would be an important step towards efficient mitigation measures. The study recommends effective and sustainable livelihoods for the local agro - pastoralists so that they can be fully involved in planning and making decision on how to curb the climate change impacts on their livelihoods. Keywords: Climate Change on Agro- Pastoralists, Structured Interview and Focus Group Discussion. Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Agro- Pastoralists’ Livelihoods in Tanzania: A Case of Arumeru District, Arusha Author: Laurent Joseph International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In terms of economic development, it makes a difference whether export increases at the extensive (new trade flows) or intensive margin (traditional, well-established trade flows)Global Economic Crisis, starting from US, then Europe, really started to showing its effect on 2008.Not only the GDP declines, but also world trade declines rapidly. This paper tries to explain whether simple Gravity Estimation Model can explain factor responsible for Trade Intensity or not. Gravity Estimation analysis is done for two separate periods-pre crisis and post crisis. Time period is 2003-2012, from these, 2003-2007 is the pre-crisis period and 2008-2012 is the crisis and post crisis period. The analysis is done for Emerging Market Economies as EMEs are fastest growing economy. JEL CLASSIFICATIONS: C1, F1. Keywords: Crisis, Bilateral Trade, Emerging Market Economy, Gravity Model. Title: Gravity Estimation Model and Trade Intensity Author: Pritam Chatterjee International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Through this study, the problem of non-revenue water which remains a global challenge for water supply utilities had to be explained in scientific research. The study’s objectives were; To assess the extent to which meter registration inaccuracy influence non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. To establish how unmetered consumption influence non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. To examine how illegal consumption influence non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. To evaluate the influence of water tariff on non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. Hypothesis for the study were; There is no significant relationship between meter registration inaccuracy and non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. There is no significant relationship between unmetered consumption and non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. There is no significant relationship between illegal consumption and non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. There is no significant relationship between water tariff and non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. The study employed ex-post facto descriptive survey research methodology and it targeted a population of 1658 registered water consumers. The sample size was 183 consumer connections and 183 consumer water meters. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. The study established that there were significant positive relationships between meter registration inaccuracy, unmetered consumption, illegal consumption and non-revenue water while there was no significant relationship between water tariff and non-revenue water at Webuye water supply scheme. Keywords: Non-revenue water, Water tariff, Unmetered consumption, Illegal consumption, Meter registration inaccuracy, Water balance. Title: Factors Influencing Water Supply’s Non-revenue Water: A Case of Webuye Water Supply Scheme Author: Celsus Murenjekha Shilehwa, Prof. Christopher Mwangi Gakuu International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The Shared Services model, which include centralized service areas such as finance, human resources services and information technology services, has become more popular in recent years. This is more so particularly for Malaysia, which has position this as an area of growth for its economy, especially as it is a centrally poised within the region with good infrastructure and government support. It also has a digitalization journey with the establishment of Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation) which has Shared Services Centre’s (SSC) set-up across the countries being called as the Multimedia Super Corridor Centre (MSC) locations. With the SSCs, one of the primary issues and challenges being face in Malaysia is the element of knowledge. As such, Knowledge Management becomes the key in supporting the daily operations of the Shared Services Centre’s in Malaysia, which is worth to take a study of the Knowledge Management element for this research. With that, this research will study how Knowledge Management manifests itself in the Shared Services Centre’s in Malaysia and how it will assist in providing a knowledge base for future organizations, which are looking at such set-up. It is also worth to study the Project Management perspective of the Knowledge Management for the establishment of the Shared Services Centre’s in Malaysia and how will IT systems such as ERP will assist to boost that implementation. This is particularly so for the Financial Services Industry (FSI) whereby there are some level of knowledge base being established. However, one caution will be not to overload the amount of data information, which will become too overly. The importance will be to have sufficient amount of data and information, which will be helpful for such set-up. The focus of this research will be to take a look at few FSI in Malaysia to ascertain the level of knowledge management processes, issues and challenges which they are facing, in order to come up with some reference points which will be useful for future organizations which are interested of venturing into such SSC set-up in Malaysia. The outcome of this research will then be used as valuable knowledge base resources to potential Shared Services Organizations intending to set-up their operations in Malaysia by leveraging on the Knowledge Management information available in this research. Keywords: Shared Services Centre’s, Knowledge Management, and Financial Services Industry in Malaysia. Title: Knowledge Management in Finance Shared Services Organizations in Malaysia Author: Choong Yee, Leong (Peter) International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Talent acquisition has become a strategic alignment to bring congruence between people and purpose. Talent acquisition is arguably the most dynamic and most complex area of talent management and is the area of human capital management most critical to the business strategy. The outlook towards talent acquisition is changing and what was once called a ‘workforce’ evolved into ‘human capital’ and is now known as ‘talent’. Talent acquisition has therefore made recruitment today a strategic and competent driven business function. This paper uses a descriptive approach through an analysis of secondary data and attempts to articulate the prospects and challenges that are likely to confront organization’s talent acquisition today and in the future. Keywords: Talent, Talent acquisition, Talent management. Title: The Future of Talent Acquisition in Kenya: Prospects and Challenges Author: JULIANA MUMBUA MUTINDA International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online) Research Publish Journals