Vol 5 Issue 2 October 2017-March 2018

Abstract: Bipolar Illness (BD) has an around the world life time frequency of about 2.4% reported throughout Americas, Europe, Asia, Middle East and New Zealand. The course of BD is relentless and characterised by recurrent state of mind episodes creating considerable dysfunction in the impacted individual. Worldwide, the disorder ranks 5th in contributing to a loss of working and imparts significant individual and societal issue. The South Asian area homes one-fifth of individuals with mental illness around the world and yet, much stays to be explored concerning the dominating course patterns of BD in Asia and the associated elements Scientists have in fact kept in mind a fairly higher frequency of BD-I amongst those with Asian ethnic background when compared with the Caucasians. The present review determines the local qualities of BD course patterns and the involved elements. Regional and cross-national studies expose a mania-predominant course in BD in Asian nations. Extended depressive episodes and comorbid stress and anxiety disorders intensify the course of BD-II. Particular threat factors such as the young age of start and higher episode frequency are useful predictors of bipolar diatheses. Substance use disorder comorbidity is more common in males whereas anxiety and suicidal behaviours are more frequent in women with BD. Comorbid stress and anxiety and personality disorders likewise encumber the health problem course. Logistic reasons and lack of knowledge of side-effects were specifically related to poor adherence. An 'eveningness' chronotype and bad sleep quality were connected with regular recurrences. Seasonal patterns vary amongst ladies and males, particularly for depressive episodes. There are region-specific attributes in bipolar illness course and aspects influencing such course patterns compared to the remainder of the World. Future research from Asia will try to study the neurobiological underpinnings of such attributes and plan appropriate methods to deal with the same.

Keywords: Bipolar Illness (BD), region-specific attributes, neurobiological underpinnings.

Title: Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar Disorders in Primary Care

Author: Abdullatif Alhassan A Fathi, Faisal Khalid A Zakri, Hassan Ahmed Hessain Musawi, Mohammed Mughabbish Thafrani, Ahmed Ibrahim Ibrahim Alkhawaji, Abdulaziz Hassan K. Almahdi, Ahmed Abdullah Ahmed Hakami

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Abstract: This article will review the recent progress made in surgical catheter for atrial tachycardia and determine the efficacy and safety of particularly radiofrequency catheter ablation. Comprehensive searching strategy through Well-known medical databases (MIDLINE/ PubMed, and Embase) searching articles that published in English language up to November 2017, and discussing the Surgical catheter ablation for atrial tachycardia, Mesh Terms used in search method as following; “atrial tachycardia”, “management”, “surgical ablation”. Because of the remarkable safety and efficacy of catheter ablation, it is currently taken into consideration as first line therapy for most types of supraventricular arrhythmias. These include AVNRT, AVRT, atrial tachycardia, and atrial flutter. It is anticipated that the desire for treating atrial fibrillation with ablation methods will likewise be recognized sometime throughout the next five years. Radiofrequency ablation is remarkably less invasive than the surgical procedure. It could be repeated in case of reappearance or in situation of emergence of new atrial tachycardias that could occur in patients with diffuse atrial illness. These encouraging outcomes of direct ablation of atrial substrate to treat atrial tachycardia are announcing a new era in ablation catheter techniques with the hope of curing even more complex atrial tachycardias.

Keywords: Surgical Catheter Ablation, atrial tachycardia.

Title: Surgical Catheter Ablation for Management of Atrial Tachycardia; Review

Author: Meshari Saleem Mohammed Alwagdani, Shaher Ahmad A. Miran, Yazeed Fahad Musaad Alharthi, Talal Abdullah Ahmed Alnajjar

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Abstract: The object of this local study was to test the knowledge of local people from Ban Nong Waeng, Tambon Wang Nang, Amphur Muang, Mahasarakham Province in the benefits of everyday food and to use local resources for self-healing.

Methodology: The study employed a various methodology of 1. Planning. 2. Research. 3. Reflection. The study employed 30 volunteers from the local community to attend an in depth interview. Each person was asked a selection of questions on their knowledge of the individual health benefits of everyday consumption of various local grown fruits and vegetables, e.g. their vitamin content, how could they prevent or alleviate certain ailments, are the seeds or leaves of any particular benefit, questions on home remedies and concoctions to alleviate and cure symptoms of various ailments and knowledge of what causes life threatening diseases.

Results: The results of this research were as follows 1. All persons interviewed new that everyday fruits and vegetables were good for your body. 2. They did not know the individual benefits or the vitamins particular produce contained. 3. Home remedies and concoctions produced at home seemed to have been lost or not passed down from generation to generation, 80% of the local volunteers believed smoking and alcohol was the cause of cancers and other life threatening diseases and 20% believed the onset of these life threatening ailments are initiated by bad living and sin against others. Some residents mentioned that the fruit from the Pak a dow (Isaan) Sa dow (Thailand) tree had benefits that might be a preventative measure against cancer but after some research it was found that the leaf and fruit extract was used predominantly used as relief from Leprosy and skin complaints, it also helped in some stomach and intestinal tract complaints, its other names are the Neem or Nimtree and grows predominantly in Asia. Research has been going on for the past thirty years into this leaf and seed extract as its efficiency as a non chemical insecticide and results are promising.

Conclusion: The conclusion to this study was there is a real need to educate local people into the benefits and vitamins of individual fruits and vegetables, the ability to use these to prevent the onset of illnesses, the knowledge of free radicals and their outcome, the preparation of self-healing concoctions lost over the years. This knowledge could alleviate an already over loaded health system especially the knowledge to prevent the onset of life threatening ailments and to raise your self-esteem with the knowledge to improve you and your family’s life style and wellbeing.

Keywords: self-healing, fruits and vegetables, home remedies and concoctions.

Title: A Guide to Longevity and Self-Healing

Author: William Coombes, Mrs. Latmun Coombes

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences  

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this article was to review literature on tooth whitening, including side effects, safety concerns, and mechanism of tooth bleaching. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to search for studies concerning with “Dental Bleaching procedures and their effects” published up to November, 2017. Tooth bleaching is among the most conservative and cost-effective dental therapies to improve or enhance a person's smile. Nonetheless, tooth whitening is not safe and just limited long-term clinical information are offered on the side effects of tooth whitening. Accordingly, tooth whitening is best performed under specialist guidance and following a pre-treatment dental examination and diagnosis. In consultation with the patient, the most appropriate whitening therapy choice(s) might be selected and recommended based on the patient's lifestyle, financial considerations, and oral health. Finally, Clinicians should inform their patients regarding the feasible changes that might occur on their dental restorations during whitening procedure in addition to the possibility of replacement of the bleached restorations at the end of bleaching treatment.

Keywords: Dental Bleaching procedures, whitening therapy, Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2).

Title: Dental Bleaching Procedures and Their Effects: Review

Author: Dr. Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshehri, Dr. Fahad Shami Alamri, Dr. Ahmed Taher Oraybi, Dr. Ahmed Fatis Alalyani, Dr. Yahya Mazyad Awaji, Dr. Mohammed Dakhil Alelyani, DR. Fayez Ali Alshehri

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Pregnancy is one of the most wonderful and noble services imposed by nature. Pregnancy is a special event; a period of happiness, expectancy, and excitement, in short it is a blessing and a privilege. But it is also a period which is not free from anxiety, fear and also from diseases or disorders. Hypertension developing during gravid state is purely called Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH). It is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity world wide.PIH can be controlled by regulation of diet, relaxation, early identification, medication, monitoring blood pressure, rest, urine testing for the presence of albumin and modification in life style. An evaluatory approach with one group pre-test, post-test design was used for this study. The sample consisted of 60 antenatal mothers with the pregnancy-induced hypertension. They were choosen by convenient sampling technique. The study was conducted at antenatal wards and OPD of Index Medical Hospital and Research Center, Indore. The data was collected by structured interview schedule prior to and after administrating planned teaching programme. The data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The knowledge gained through Planned teaching programme was good, as it was evident with high significance (t59 = 1.96, P < 0.01) between the mean post-test (x2 = 28.03) and mean pre-test (x1= 9.4) knowledge score. Area-wise pre-test and post-test knowledge score of antenatal mothers diagnosed with pregnancy- induced hypertension shows higher mean percentage score(53%) in the area of basic factors regarding normal physiological changes during pregnancy and the least score (18.9%) in the prevention of complication of PIH in the pre-test. There is a marked difference in the mean percentage of post-test score (96.6%) in the area of prevention and (88%) in the area of basic factors.

Keywords: Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, PIH, Pregnancy, Antenatal Mothers, Epilepsy.

Title: Effectiveness of the Planned Teaching Programme on Pregnancy- Induced Hypertension among Antenatal Mothers Diagnosed With Pregnancy- Induced Hypertension in a Selected Antenatal Clinic at Indore

Author: Y.D. Stella, Sheikh Javed Ahmad

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

SSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Depression, according to World Health Organization is “a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration”. It may be chronic or recur even if it treated. It affects individual life, eventually if untreated may end with suicide (1). Medical education and training can contribute to the development of depressive symptoms that might lead to possible academic and professional consequences (4).

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Saudi medical and non-medical students in King Faisal University (KFU).

Specific Objectives:

1. To describe the clinical manifestations of the depression in medical and non medical students.

2. To identify the most risk factors commonly associated with depressive symptoms.

Method: A cross sectional study was done using BDI questionnaire which is distributed to the students from college of medicine and college of engineering in King Faisal University during February-March 2016 . A total number of 403 students participated in the study.

Result: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among participants was 53.9%, it was higher within college of engineering 56.8% compared to the prevalence of medical college students which was 50.8%, although this difference was not significant. Significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms and part time workers ( P value 0.001 ) .

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both medical and non-medical students have a high prevalence of depressive symptoms. Our findings are consistent with the findings from other studies conducted locally and in other parts of the world using different screening measures for depression; therefore, early screening of the psychiatric morbidity and preventive programs should begin early in their university study..

Keywords: King Faisal University (KFU), World Health Organization, Medical and Non-Medical Male Students.

Title: Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms among Medical and Non-Medical Male Students in King Faisal University Al-Ahsaa

Author: Abdullah Abdulaziz Almulhim

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Depression, according to World Health Organization is “a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration”. It may be chronic or recur even if it treated. It affects individual life, eventually if untreated may end with suicide (1). Medical education and training can contribute to the development of depressive symptoms that might lead to possible academic and professional consequences (4).

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Saudi medical students in King Faisal University (KFU).

Specific Objectives: 1. To describe the clinical manifestations of the depression in medical students.

2. To identify the most risk factors commonly associated with depressive symptoms.

Method: A cross sectional study was done using BDI questionnaire, which is distributed, to the students from college of medicine in King Faisal University during February-March 2016. A total number of 179 students participated in the study.

Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among participants was 50.8%. Significant association was found between severe depressive symptoms and part time workers ( P value 0.001 ) .

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that medical students have a high prevalence of depressive symptoms. Our findings are consistent with the findings from other studies conducted locally and in other parts of the world using different screening measures for depression; therefore, early screening of the psychiatric morbidity and preventive programs should begin early in their university study.

Keywords: King Faisal University (KFU), World Health Organization, primary health care (PHC).

Title: Perceived Depressive Symptoms among Medical Students in King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa

Author: Abdullah Abdulaziz Almulhim, Jamal Khaled Al jamal, Abdulrahman Ahmad Alnaim, Adel Nasser Albargi, Sayed Ibrahim Ali

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Consequently, the purpose of this study was to systematically review the comprehensive overview of literature data about injury to the inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve after mandibular third molar extraction to find out the prevalence and classification of nerve injury, diagnosis and alternative methods of treatment. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to search for studies concerning with “Nerve damage associated with third molar removal” published up to November, 2017. The surgical elimination of lower 3rd molars endangers both the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves. Patients sustaining an injury to either of these nerves must be managed correctly, and this needs a diagnosis of the injury type and regular monitoring of the healing of sensation. Surgical intervention for a harmed inferior alveolar nerve is not usually suggested but may be undertaken: if the nerve is totally divided and the severed ends are misaligned; if a bony fragment has compressed the mandibular canal; or if the patient struggles with persistent neuropathic pain. In contrast, after injury to the lingual nerve, if sensory screening shows no neural recovery within 3- 4 months, exploration of the injury site and microsurgical repair of the damaged nerve is indicated.

Keywords: nerve injury, diagnosis, Patients, alveolar nerves.

Title: Nerve Damage Associated with Third Molar Removal Review

Author: Nedaa Ali Azhar, Ashraf saleh baboor, Sarah Naif AlAnazi, Afnan Hashem Balkhy, Saad Abdullah Alqarni

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

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Abstract: Cholangitis was initially described by Charcot as a serious and dangerous illness; nonetheless, it is currently acknowledged that the severity can range from mild to life-threatening. In this review we want to discuss the background of this illness to understand it better and medical diagnosis methods to find out acute cholangitis, we also highlight treatment and surgery methods. We conducted a comprehensive review of literature on surgical management strategy for acute cholangitis through electronic search in several databases; MIDLINE, EMBASE, GOOGLE Scholar, up to December 2017. Acute cholangitis is a serious infective condition of the biliary tract that requires prompt therapy. The application of therapeutic endoscopy and interventional radiology has significantly improved the morbidity and mortality related to the condition. Endoscopic therapy plays a significant role in both the acute stage of acute cholangitis and the definitive treatment of choledocholithiasis. However, it must be highlighted that if endoscopic intervention is not successful or if the patients do not recover after endoscopic treatment, surgical or radiological intervention has to be performed prior to the patients deteriorate further. The definitive treatment of the biliary stones depends on surgical risks of the patients and the accessibility of endoscopic and surgical expertise at various centers. Open surgical procedure, nonetheless, has been associated with high morbidity and death. Medical diagnosis of acute cholangitis, which is based on patient's clinical presentations, laboratory outcomes and diagnostic imaging, provides an international platform for its early diagnosis and assists to improve morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: Acute Cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, Endoscopic therapy.

Title: Surgical Management Strategy for Acute Cholangitis: Overview

Author: Mohammed Yahya H Al Jamahir, Mohammed Ayad Almutairi, Alhassin Saeed Al-Mostaneer, Ebrahim Abdullah Hariri

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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 Abstract: Health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from occupational exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective was to study the knowledge, attitude and practices among LTBI at primary HCW in Aljazeera state Sudan. We conducted an analytical study, among HCW in TB treatment center using a structured questionnaire and an evaluated for LTBI by using the tuberculin skin test among 367 HCW, the percentage of knowledge represented 35.5%, and the majority of (64.5%) they don’t heard about latent tuberculosis. The majority of participants (94.8%) don't usually wear mask to protect themselves, and irregular use of masks represent 95%, so this study demonstrated a substantial occupational risk of LTBI among HCW Sudan.  According to education level of HCW were at better personal protective equipment used to prevent acquiring of new TB infection our study recommended implementation of sound TB infection control measures in all health care facilities with patients suspected of having infectious.

Keywords: Health care workers (HCW), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).

Title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of latent TB Infection among Health Care Workers, Aljazeera State TB Centers, Sudan

Author: Dr. Adam Aballa Mater, Juhaina Abdulraiem AL Mosharaf

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Septic shock is a major cause of death in adult and pediatric intensive care units (. In this regard, the function of corticosteroid treatment in the management of septic shock has been extensively disputed for many years. Recently, private investigators have actually reported hemodynamic and survival advantages associated with the use of more physiologic steroid replacement treatment in adult patients with relative adrenal insufficiency and vasopressor-dependent septic shock .

Adequate adrenocortical function is important to endure vital health problem, and a lot of critically ill patients display an elevated plasma cortisol level, showing activation of the pituitary-adrenal-axis, which is thought about to be a homeostatic adjustment. Over the past years, private investigators have actually found that numerous adults with vasopressor-dependent septic shock have elevated cortisol levels however a depressed reaction to stimulation with 250 g of corticotropin (cortisol increment 9 g/ dL) . This state of "relative" adrenal deficiency is identified by an inadequate production of cortisol in relation to an increased need during periods of extreme tension. However, the occurrence, significance, and restorative method to adrenal insufficiency in critically ill children are less understood than in adults .

A short corticotropin test (250 g) was performed, and cortisol levels were measured at standard and 30 and 60 minutes posttest. Adrenal deficiency was specified by an action <9 g/dL. Outright adrenal insufficiency was further specified by a standard cortisol <20 g/dL and relative adrenal insufficiency by a baseline cortisol ><20 g/dL and relative adrenal deficiency by a baseline cortisol > 20 g/dL. Absolute adrenal deficiency was observed in 18%of children, all of whom had catecholamine-resistant shock. Relative adrenal insufficiency was observed in 26% of children, of whom 80%had catecholamine-resistant and 20 %had dopamine/dobutamine responsive shock. All children with fluid-responsive shock had a cortisol action > 9 g/dL. Children with adrenal insufficiency had an increased danger of catecholamine-resistant shock (relative risk, 1.88; 95% self-confidence interval, 1.26-2.79). Nevertheless, mortality was separately predicted by persistent disease or multiple organ failure (p <.05), not adrenal deficiency.

Relative and outright adrenal deficiency is common in children with septic shock and might contribute to the development of catecholamine-resistant shock; to puts it simply, it is related to an increased vasopressor requirement. However, doubts still continue regarding the efficacy of replacement treatment with low- dose steroids in children with catecholamine-resistant septic shock, and further studies are had to identify whether treatment of such patients changes morbidity and/or mortality .

Keywords: pediatric intensive care units, Septic shock, Addison Disease in Children.

Title: Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease in Children): Pathogenesis and Management Strategies: Systematic Review

Author: ALSHAMRANI, MOHAMMED DAIL A, ALSULAIMI, ABDULLAH MATAR M

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have identified specific health targets to improve the health status of the world. However, achievement of health-targets should not be looked at in isolation. Health status of an economy is directly or indirectly interlinked with several macro & micro-level factors. Developing countries are the hotspot for infectious diseases as a result of many socioeconomic, environmental and behavioral factors. However, recently, there is a large reduction in communicable diseases mainly due to antibiotic revolution and the non-communicable diseases as well as injuries and accidents are on the rise – typifying a country in epidemiological transition. On the other hand, the treatment received by any individual not only depends on the ailment he/she is suffering from but on the exact location of the individual in the economy and the society along with general development of the state of infrastructure in the system. Given this background, the paper aims to study the change in diseases pattern at different stages of development and its impact on different socioeconomic sections. The paper also attempts to analyze the interplay among stages of development, globalization, environmental degradation, socioeconomic background of individuals and health system.       

Keywords: Epidemiological Transition, Biological & Environmental Risk, Globalization, Health status, Public health.

Title: Development, Globalization and It’s Impact on Health Status: A Study from Developing Countries Perspective

Author: Montu Bose

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

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Abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the awareness and attitude of parental toward space maintainer used by their children, we also attempted to compare the awareness difference between females and male’s parents.  A cross-sectional survey with a structured questionnaire was designed according to dental association. The study was conducted during the month of (July, 2017 to October 2017) after taking prior informed consent from the 518 parents. Inclusion criteria were parents getting their children treated for dental malocclusion and who were willing to participate. The space maintainer’s treatment for the primary teeth can be a controversial choice of treatment for some dental practitioners that do not advise use space maintainers as well as consider them a waste of time as well as unhealthy to the continuing to be dentition sometimes. The majority of dental practitioners believe that the usage of space maintainers could protect against the development or worsening of malocclusion. Females had significantly better general knowledge ratings than Males. On top of that, participants with less education and learning level had dramatically better overall expertise scores than higher informed mothers and fathers.

Keywords: Space maintainers (S.M), cross-sectional survey.

Title: Assessment of Parental Knowledge and Awareness about the Space Maintainer in KSA

Author: Ahad Fahad Alshammari, Maha Mohammed Al Naafa, Abdullah Faraj Alshammari, Naif Alhumaid, Turki Saad Alquwayz, Lujain Ahmad Alghrairy, Jose Nazareno J. Lopez

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences  

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: This article provides an update of the current ED literature in children and adolescents. Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) are presented. The epidemiology, implications, and diagnosis of EDs are reviewed and evidence-based treatment in the primary care are highlighted. A comprehensive search was conducted through major databases; Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, through November, 2017. The search strategy used Mesh terms; eating disorders, pediatrics, children, AND primary care. Despite their high prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and available treatment options, eating disorders (EDs) continue to be underdiagnosed by pediatric professionals. The efficient management of anorexia nervosa and other ED problems depends upon a complete analysis of physical status, psychological functions, risk and treatment by primary care providers. The rate of weight loss is also an essential indication. In kids and younger teenagers, reference to BMI standards is needed, but it is additionally of note that children have relatively small fat stores comparing to the adults. Psychosocial assessment should be taken into account as a treatment option.

Keywords: eating disorders (EDs), Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN).

Title: Diagnostic Approaches for Eating Disorders in Children in Primary Care: Review

Author: Musab Abdulbasit Bukhari, Husam Adil H Munawar, Shaly Mohammed A Aljedaani, Ahmed Saleh A Sanad, Khaled Mohammad Hazzazi, Taher Tariq Alqutub

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: A successful outcome for root canal treatment relies on adequate removal of micro-organisms from the canal system and prevention of recolonisation or propagation of residual micro-organisms through the placement of a root filling that obturates the space entirely, combined with a restoration that produces a satisfactory coronal seal. During instrumentation of the root canal, it is important to develop a continuously tapered form and to maintain the original shape and position of the apical foramen.

Aim: To evaluate the radiographic quality of endodontic treatments performed by undergraduate students at the UQUdent using rotary nickel titanium files. As well as iatrogenic errors such as Root perforation, Fractured instrument while using Rotary Nickel Titanium Files.

Methodology: Endodontic records from 100 completed root canal treatments (RCT) performed by undergraduate students at the Dental School of Umm al Qura University , were randomly selected for examination.

Results: Root canal fillings length was qualified acceptable in 134 out of the 150 root canals ( 89.3% ). While 13 root canals (8.7% ) showed that the length of obturation was shorter than 2mm of the radiographic apex whereas 3 out of the 150 root canals ( 2%) were obturated beyond the radiographic apex. While the homogenecity was concerned, 102 out of 150 root canals (68%) were homogenously acceptably obturated whereas 48 root canals (32%) were scored as unacceptably obturated. Also there some iatrogenic errors were detected as ledges in 3 root canals (2%) and separated instrument in 3 root canals (2%).

Conclusion: Quality of root canal obturation performed by the fifth and sixth year students in uqudent was acceptable. In addition we suggest that the endodontic training courses of the dental students at the preclinical and clinical levels to be increased to gain more improvement and high quality root canals treatment which lead to long term survival rate.

Keywords: root canal treatments (RCT), endodontic treatments.

Title: Quality of Endodontic Treatments Performed By Undergraduate Students at the Uqudent Using Rotary Nickel Titanium Files

Author: Dr. Ghadeer H. Suwaimil, Dr. Laila M. Kenawi

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences   

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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