Vol 6 Issue 4 October 2018-December 2018

Abstract: The suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose was assessed in Pennagaram block located in Dharmapuri district of Tamilnadu, India. The groundwater samples form eighty villages were analyzed during rainy season in the month of September 2013 for major cations, anions and other parameters. The irrigation factors have been measured for controlling and recognizing the quality of water in the review area region for irrigation purpose. The plot of Cl-/HCO₃- versus Cl- shows the exchangeable mechanism has responsible for the chemical composition of groundwater. According to %Na, RSC, KR, SAR, PI, MR, Salinity index and Sodicity index makes the groundwater has safe. Based on PS and Sodicity index makes the groundwater has nearly problem for irrigation purpose. The Gibbs diagram and Durov diagram suggested that the reverse ion-exchange process, simple dissolution or chemical weathering, evaporation and rock dominance mechanism controls the groundwater chemistry. Based on piper diagram and Schoeller diagram the mainstream of water type is Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Cl water type. This study result will be helpful for sustainable development of groundwater resources, and it requires a special type of irrigation method.

Keywords: Pennagaram, Ground water, Ion-exchanging, Irrigation, Sustainable, India.

Title: Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation purpose in Pennagaram block, Dharmapuri District, Tamilnadu, India

Author: K.Vijai, S. M. Mazhar Nazeeb Khan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Plastics are typically organic polymers often containing other inorganic compounds. Conventional plastics are most commonly derived from precious petrochemicals. But over the time it leads to the depletion of fossils fuels and traditional plastic is proving to be a major environmental problem. In an effort to overcome these issues, an apparent solution being explored was ‘Biodegradable Plastic. In this study biodegradable plastic are produced by using the starch of spoilt potatoes with the help of plasticizer. And this study reveals that Biodegradable plastic made from the starch of spoilt potatoes are good in strength and they are eco-friendly as it is completely degraded within a short period of time. So, Biodegradable plastic from spoilt potatoes gives a promising solution to the environmental problems and it can be used for various purposes in our day to day life.

Keywords: Biodegradable plastic, starch, potato, plasticizer.

Title: SYNTHESIS OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM SPOILT POTATOES

Author: DEEPTI SHARMA, Dr. ARCHANA MANKAD

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants provide a reservoir of a bioactive metabolites. The present study is an attempt to investigate the ability of endophytic fungi isolated from few medicinal plants procured from Muthathi Wild Life Sanctuary in Mandya District, Karnataka, India to produce secondary metabolites, which acts as antimicrobial agents and to check their potential antimicrobial activity. The bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungi have tremendous antibacterial activity against eight human bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, Shigella, K. pneumoneae, P. mirabilis and L. monocytogens by using standard protocol of agar well diffusion method. The present study has proven that some medicinal plants may be a rich source of endophytic fungi with antimicrobial prospective. The isolated endophytic fungi may prime to innovative natural product for practice in pharmaceutical industries. This study has demonstrated that the medicinal plants are very noble source of endophytic fungi with potential to produce bioactive compounds having antibacterial effect.

Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Antibacterial activity, Human pathogens, Medicinal plants, Muthathi Wild Life Sanctuary.

Title: ISOLATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM FEW MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MUTHATHI WILD LIFE SANCTUARY AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Author: SURESHA. S, M. JAYASHANKAR

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control or prevention has disrupted natural biological control systems and lead to the development of 3R phenomenon, namely resurgence, replacement and resistance in mosquito populations. This made scientists to think about human and environment friendly alternative control measures. Control of insect pests and vectors using eco-friendly botanical agents is need of the hour. Plants are considered as a rich source of bioactive chemicals. Plant metabolites and plant based pesticides appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have minimal environmental impact and danger to consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides. In the present work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of Manihot esculenta, and Croton hirtus leaf extracts against 3rd instar Aedes aegypti larvae. The effectiveness ranged from Croton hirtus acetone extracts > Croton hirtus water extract > Manihot esculenta acetone extract > Manihot esculenta water extract. Croton hirtus acetone extract was most effective. In 1mg/ml concentration, mean mortality of 97% was observed after 24h of treatment. Later this mortality increased to 100%. Moderate concentration 0.5mg/ml of Croton hirtus acetone extract showed 100% mortality after 48h. Manihot esculenta water extract was found least effective exhibiting lowest mean percent mortality. Highest concentration of water extract of M.esculenta leaves could only exhibit a maximum mean percent mortality of 51% after 72h.                            

Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Botanicals;Croton hirtus, Piper longum and Manihot esculenta.     

Title: In vitro larvicidal activity of Manihot esculenta, and Croton hirtus leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae

Author: Praveen Krishnakumar, Shanooba S, Koshy PM

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Reproductive biology of an endangered freshwater, air breathing mud eel, Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton) was analyzed to identify its peak breeding season. The samples were collected from January 2016-February 2018. In males, highest GSI value of 3.4±0.8 was observed during the month of May and lowest value of 0.02±0.1 was observed during the month of September. Similarly in case of females, highest GSI value of 7.33±0.081 was observed during the month of May and the lowest GSI value of 0.27±0.089 was observed during the month of September. Thus this indicates the maturity of the species which corresponding to the breeding period. Monthly variation in the fecundity of female M. cuchia was also calculated and found out that the fecundity of female M. cuchia was highest during the month of May with a peak value of 924 eggs (length= 78cm, weight= 344 gms) and lowest during the month of September with a value of 150 eggs (length= 70cm, weight= 365 gms). Ova diameter was analyzed during breeding season and observed to vary from 0.0 to 4.0 mm during September to May. However, this analysis implies that highest GSI value in May is indicative of the fact that M. cuchia may have peak breeding season in May.

Keywords: Fecundity, Gonado-somatic Index, M. cuchia, Ova diameter, Reproductive biology.

Title: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ITS PERIODIC VARIATION OF ENDANGERED MUD EEL Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton) FROM MEGHALAYA, INDIA

Author: BARISHA MARY KURBAH, RABINDRA NATH BHUYAN

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is the most economically important plant and its cultivation is a very popular agricultural practice in central Kerala, especially in Ernakulum, Kottayam, Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts. During pineapple cultivation, various agrochemicals are used in the different stages of growth for the better development. These agrochemicals, even at low concentration, will change the soil chemistry thereby affect the soil biota. The sustainable agriculture involves both optimizing agricultural resources and maintaining the soil quality. Modern agricultural practices and changes in land use practices directly or indirectly affect the soil health. Soil quality can be measured by assessing the physical, chemical and biological indicators. So far no serious studies have been undertaken to investigate the impact of pineapple cultivation on soil quality in this part of Kerala. Soil analyses were performed with samples collected from different taluks (Aluva, Kunnathunad, Kothamangalam and Muvattupuzha) of Ernakulam district. To assess the impact of pineapple cultivation on soil quality, chemical indicators such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, lead, nickel and cadmium were analysed. Among the heavy metals, concentration of available cadmium was found to be significantly high in all cultivated areas with reference to control. Concentration of cadmium was found to be in the range of 0.17±0.11 and 0.21±0.36 mg/kg. Available manganese and nitrogen were found to be marginally significant. The presence of significant amount of heavy metal indicates pollution due to agrochemicals. The results point towards an immediate urge for the detailed study of the possible threats of ongoing pineapple cultivation practices in Kerala

Keywords: Pineapple mono-cropping, agrochemicals, soil quality, heavy metals.

Title: Assessing Soil quality in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivated areas of Ernakulam district

Author: Samitha K A, Rajathy Sivalingam, Sandeep S

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Kanha-Pench corridor is historically widely distributed in 2552 sq. km of Satpura Maikal Range. We indentified critical tiger habitat holds 439 sq. km area out of 2552 sq. km forest area of K-P corridor. Where 11 female tigers hold their ground on TCPUs and one male tiger presence noticed in pinch point barrier of connecting linkage under threat environ-anthropogenic conditions. There are 19 tigers were identified on individual basis DNA genotype polymorphism at different 13 microsatellite locus. The mean observed heterozygosity was found to be 0.6102. The relatedness analyses showed that tigers from Kanha –Pench corridor population share more relationships with tigers from Kanha and Tadoba-Nagzira-Brahmapuri complex rather than from Pench Tiger Reserve. We found evidences that a reproducing stable population exists within corridor. Therefore, restoration of Tigers was identified in historically existing critical habitat patches of corridor. Corridor functionality has been proven by findings of adjoining protected areas tiger’s genetic signatures in corridor population as Ist and IInd degree of relationship derived from ML-Relate analysis. Therefore potential habitat was identified for effective management and needs of tigers was prescribed to include in regional strategic development plans. We relied on MaxEnt of species distribution modeling to predict tiger distribution based on a suite of environmental variables to determine TCPUs. Potential corridors linkage identified on the basis of least cost path, circuitscape, linkage mapper and their ground truthing was done to assess inference accuracy. Conservation of tigers does not necessarily have to obstruct economic development, when “tiger friendly” management guidelines included in development plans.

Keywords: K-P Corridor- Kanha-Pench Corridor, TCPUs- Tiger Conservation Prioritization Units, BMLR- Binomial Multiple Logistic Regression, LCP analysis- Least Cost Path Analysis, SFRI-State Forest Research Institute Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Title: Functionality Assessment of Kanha-Pench Corridor

Author: Mayank Makrand Verma, Dr. Karuna S.Verma, Dr. G. Krishnamurthy

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Gonadal hormones are responsible for the control of fertility. The understanding of their regulation is vital in solving reproductive problems such as infertility. The level at which people indiscriminately use medicinal plants due to financial and cultural factors for treating illnesses such as infertility without regards for their possible adverse effects has not been fully explored. This study was therefore conducted to determine the effects of partially purified bioactive compounds in leave extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on the gonadal hormones of male albino rats. The study was carried out using 20 male albino rats in 3 control groups and 2 treatment groups of 4 rats each.  25 mg/Kg body weight of the isolates Phytol and Lupeol were orally administered using intubation cannula for 14 days. The rats were anaesthetized with phenobarbital; blood samples collected and analyzed for hormonal assay at different intervals. No significant changes (p˂0.05) in the body weights or the testis. However, the epididymal sperm count and motility was found significantly different when compared tosustanaon-control rats. The bioactive compounds lupeol and phytol present in Jatrophat anjorensis leaves extract are antifertility agents as seen by the significant changes in the parameters studied and the semen analysis carried out.

Keywords: Jatropha tanjorensis, Lupeol, Phytol and gonadal hormones.

Title: Effects of partially purified bioactive compounds in leaves extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on gonadal hormones of male albino rats

Author: J. Akighir, B. Inalegwu, F. N. Onyezili

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: We tested the activity of anticancerous compound tamoxifen (TAM) using the standard CLSI guidelines against filamentous fungi including Aspergillus spp, P. marneffei, Mucor and Rhizopus in a microplate based assay. MIC/MEC endpoint was calculated against drugs fluconazole, itraconazole, caspofungin (commercially known as Cancidas) and TAM. The endpoint of TAM was found to be 16-64µg/ml after 24-48 hrs with reduced filamentation at sub MIC concentrations. Our results imply that TAM affects the growth of various filamentous fungi tested, including Aspergillus (sp.), Penicillium, Mucor and Rhizopus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TAM with antifungal activity against filamentous fungi.

Keywords: fungi, filamentous, yeast, drug resistance, Aspergillus.

Title: First report of Antifungal activity of Tamoxifen against Filamentous Fungi

Author: Ritu Pasrija, Deepika Kundu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Variation in Water, Lipid, Protein in Muscle, Testis, Ovary of Fresh water fish Macrones cavasius from Godavari River at Nanded Region Maharashtra State, were observed from January 2015 to December 2015. 100 fishes with 60 male and 40 female. It is observed that Macrones cavasius contain 20% protein which high protein compared to hen egg.                                                                                                

Keywords: Water, lipid Protein in muscle Liver, and Gonad, Macrones cavasius.

Title: Relationship between Water, Lipid and Protein in the Muscle, Liver and Gonad in a Freshwater Fish Macrones cavasius (Hamilton)

Author: K.S.Shillewar, D.V. Totawar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The Karadkhed Dam is Perennial water body of Deglur City, water is used for water supply and irrigation purpose. Fishes were collected from Karadkhed Dam during 2016-2017 by different types of nets. 18 species belonging to 09 Genus, 04 Order, and 05 Family were recorded from this region.

Keywords: Freshwater fish fauna, fishes, Karadkhed dam.

Title: FRESH WATER FISH FAUNA OF KARADKHED DAM, DEGLUR, NANDED, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Author: K.S. Shillewar, D.V.Totawar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Medicinal plants play a major role in the discovery of new therapeutic agents for drug development. In recent times, bioactive compounds derived from plants have a dynamic role to play in prevention of various human diseases. Memecylon flavescens, is an endangered taxon belongs to the family Melastomataceae. The present study is an attempt to investigate the presence of phytochemicals in methanolic extracts of stem and leaf by GC/MS and to estimate the content of total phenols and flavonoids. In addition, antioxidant potential of the extracts was analysed by various standard in vitro assays. Results have shown that stem contains 32.73 ± 0.079 mg/g of phenols and 13.56 ± 0.062 mg/g of flavonoids, while the extract of leaf has 25.89 ± 4.97 mg/g of phenols and 10.18 ± 0.318 mg/g of flavonoids. The GC/MS analysis has revealed the presence of 37 compounds in stem and 27 compounds in leaf. A few compounds are found to be common in both the extracts with 2(5H)-Furanone, 3-Methyl-5-Methylene, a ketone group as a major compound with peak area of 19.20 % in stem extract and 33.82% in leaf extract. Whereas, 3, 5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroyphenethylamine, a amine group has shown a least percent of peak area of 0.45% in stem extract and 4-Methyl-2, 5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde, an aldehyde group with 0.56% in leaf extract. The extracts were screened for potential antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power capacity. Free radical scavenging potentials of the extracts at various concentrations were tested. The stem extract has shown higher scavenging activity than the leaf extract. A strong reducing power capacity was  observed for methanolic extract of stem. The antioxidant potential of the stem and leaf extracts were correlated with the total phenols and flavonoids. The study has highlighted the antioxidant potential of the stem extract, thereby exploring the promising application in pharmaceuticals.

Keywords: Memecylon flavescens, Endangered, GC-MS, Phytochemical, Antioxidant.

Title: Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Memecylon flavescens - an endangered taxon

Author: D.H.Tejavathi, B.S.Sumalatha, R. Nijagunaiah, P.Anitha, K.Gayatramma

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Bryophytes, presently survived in three lineages, i.e., mosses, liverworts and hornworts, are an ancient group of early land plants. Its unique features like lack of roots system, unistratose leaves, ion-exchange capacity and mode of nutrients uptake make it a distinctive plant group. Since plants of this group, particularly mosses, possess remarkable ability to absorb heavy metals from the atmosphere, they play a significant role as a sensitive indicator of environmental pollution as evidenced by changes in death rate, apparent injury, chlorophyll reduction and cell size reduction in leaf. The present investigation was carried out to study effect of various phytotoxic concentrations of metals - Zinc and Cadmium (for varying length of time) on the photosynthetic activity of mosses Brachythecium rutabulum and Mnium cuspidatum. It has been observed that exogenously supplied Zinc and Cadmium significantly stressed the oxidative enzymes as well as the photosynthetic pigments of Brachythecium rutabulum and Mnium cuspidatum. The chlorophyll content was studied in two above named species of mosses collected from different localities of Shimla (Himachal Pradesh). It has been found that the total chlorophyll content is more in Brachythecium rutabulum than in Mnium cuspidatum when treated with zinc in comparison with cadmium. Chlorophyll-a and Chlorophyll-b were maximum in Brachythecium rutabulum and minimum in Mnium cuspidatum when treated with Zinc and Cadmium separately.

Keywords: Brachythecium rutabulum, Mnium cuspidatum, Zinc, Cadmium and Heavy metals.

Title: EFFECT OF ZINC AND CADMIUM ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF MOSSES BRACHYTHECIUM RUTABULUM AND MNIUM CUSPIDATUM

Author: Sahar Bano, Anju Rao, Navneet Agnihotri

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Chromosome complement of Neurobasis chinensis chinensis has been characterized by conventional staining and C-banding. The specimens were collected from Sadhupul (Solan), Ghumarwin (Bilaspur) of Himachal Pradesh and Lachhiwala (Dehradun) of Uttarakhand states of India. The species possesses 2n=23 as the diploid chromosome number with XO-XX sex determination. Morphological variation in the chromosome complement has been observed in the species collected from different localities. In the spermatogonial metaphase, two large sized autosome pairs are present in specimens of Lachhiwala (Dehradun) and Sadhupul (Solan) and one large pair and other smaller than it are seen in specimens of Ghumarwin (Bilaspur).  Similarly, in the diakinesis, two equal sized, large autosomal bivalents possess two interstitial and terminal chiasmata in the specimens of Lachhiwala (Dehradun) and Sadhupul (Solan). On the other hand, one extra large autosomal bivalent shows terminal and interstitial chiasmata, while second small bivalent reveals terminal chiasmata as remaining bivalents in the specimens of Ghumarwin (Bilaspur). These variations have also been confirmed by C-banding. In the diakinesis, C-bands are mostly present at the terminal ends of all the bivalents, while both the autosomal bivalents of Lachhiwala (Dehradun) and Sadhupul (Solan) specimens and one extra large autosomal bivalent of Ghumarwin (Bilaspur) specimens possess terminal as well as interstitial C-bands. X chromosome is C-positive throughout the length in all the specimens.

Keywords: Dragonfly; Odonata; Zygoptera; Calopterygidae; Morphological variation; C-banding; Conventional staining.

Title: Morphological variation in the chromosome complement of Neurobasis chinensis chinensis of family Calopterygidae (Odonata: Zygoptera)

Author: Gurinder Kaur Walia, Neha Katnoria

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the microorganisms contaminating poultry feeds from Chittor District, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 10 feed samples of different feed types (Quails, Broilers, Layers, Sussex) were collected from sree venkateswara poultry farm. Samples were cultured in Nutrient Broth for isolation of other bacteria and then sub-cultured on Blood and MacConkey’s Agars. A total of 3 isolates were obtained, some of the feed samples showed no growth. The isolates were identified according to their microscopic, cultural and biochemical properties. Gram negative bacteria included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella enteritidis. The highest percentage of occurrence was obtained with  Escherichia coli  (35.6%). The fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,, Rhizopus sps, Mucor sps. The highest bacterial and fungal count was obtained in Broiler feed 5.4 x 10⁶ cfu/g and 8.1 x 10⁴ cfu/g respectively for bacteria and fungi, while the least count was recorded in Sussex with the range 2.19 x 10⁶ cfu/g (bacteria) and 5.7 x 10⁴ cfu/g (fungi).

Keywords: Poultry feed, Microbial quality, Bacteria and Fungi.

Title: Microbiological quality of commercially available poultry feeds from Chittor District

Author: P. Jeevana Lakshmi, P.Suvarnalatha Devi, Ch. M. Kumari Chitturi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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