Vol 6 Issue 2 October 2018-March 2019

Abstract: This paper examine plantain produces to determine marketing cost and returns. Marketing is a process of satisfying human needs by bringing products to people in the proper form and at a proper time and place. The cost of performing the various marketing functions and of operating various agencies. Return variability in spot and futures prices have been analyzed using multivariate GARCH models in different types of studies. McCurdy and Morgan (1991) analyzed uncovered interest rate parity. Problem statement of This study aimed High cost of production and  poor marketing strategies as has result in the  increase in price of input, low farm income, low efficiency of resource utilization, low distribution and returns. Objective of this study is to analyze the evaluate costs and returns, what are the marketing activities and functions. The hypothesis Ho: There is no significant relationship between marketing costs and net returns. Primary data was collected and analyzed using both description statistics and inferential statistics. The R2 value of 0.530 means that the estimated variables included in the model explained 53% of variation in net returns of respondents. The F –value of 21.268 is also significant at 1%. urban areas. This will help in getting the produce to market places in good time and in good shape (quality). It will also bring about a reduction in transportation cost and hence the cost of marketing.From the findings of this study, it could be concluded that net returns are affected by estimated marketing costs and due to some selected characteristics

Keywords: marketing cost and returns.

Title: DETERMINING MARKETING COSTS AND RETURNS OF PLANTAIN IN NASARAWA NIGERIA

Author: Professor P. O. Idisi, Dr. (Mrs.) I . J Ogwu, Enaholo, Favour

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of monitoring and evaluation of project implementation. The study has applied mixed research design more specifically, sequential explanatory design, that has assisted the researcher unveil the correlation between the independent and dependent variables quantitatively while at the same time, obtained supporting narrative through the qualitative data. The population of the study was the registered real estate developers with the Kenya Property Developers Association in Nairobi City County that engage in joint venture construction projects and has fourteen elements. Census sampling technique has been used to research on all the elements in the population. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Both qualitative and quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. From the research findings, it was established that monitoring and evaluation had a positive and significant influence on the implementation of the joint venture construction projects. Lack of proper monitoring and evaluating prjects was seen to cause a setback in the successful implementation of the joint venture construction project.

Keywords: Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation.

Title: MONITORING AND EVALUATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF JOINT VENTURE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Author: Rahab Wanjiru Gitau, Dr Caleb Kirui

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Despite various interventions that promote the importance of women in leadership, enactment of legislation to ensure inclusion of women in leadership, gender parity, and gender equity, it is still assumed that men have better leadership skills. Male chauvinism coupled with Gusii Traditional understanding of the status quo of women in society continues to subordinate women to male authority especially in the Catholic Church. While women are increasingly participating in the Small Christian Community, many have yet to fully acknowledge the exceptional leadership skills and the capabilities that women bring to leadership. The study was based on three objectives: to examine the leadership skills of women in the SCCs of the Catholic Diocese of Kisii; to analyse challenges women face in their leadership of the SCCs in the Catholic Diocese of Kisii; and to assess the contribution of women in leadership of the SCCs in the Catholic Diocese of Kisii. The literature review will be organized around these three objectives. Transformational leadership theory will be utilized in assessing the leadership skills of women leaders of SCC. Transformational leaders motivate their followers to fulfil their best and highest potential; they bring their forward-looking perspective to bear on the organization, they have excellent rhetorical skills, and have the ability to cultivate a strong bond and relationship with their members. Both primary and secondary data will be collected. The study included the geographical territory covering the Catholic Diocese of Kisii. The Population of the study was 6000 members.  The sample size was 361 persons arrived at through Krejcie and Morgan Sampling Table. Further, archival will be obtained from the Catholic Diocese of Kisii and the Secretariat. The anticipated study findings might be of benefit to church administrators, Catholic theologians, and other stakeholders interested in the feminine genius in leadership in ecclesiastical setups.

Keywords: Women Leadership Skills, Small Christian Community, Catholic Church.

Title: AN ASSESSMENT OF WOMEN LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN THE SMALL CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES OF THE CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF KISII, KENYA

Author: Florence B. Moywaywa, Fr. Dr. Charles Oduke, Dr. Hezekiah Obwoge

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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 Abstract: Youth bulges have become a global phenomenon and Kenya is no exception to this trend. Kenyans in the age bracket of 30 years and below constitute about 75% of the country's population, forming the largest source of human resource. However, they have remained on the periphery of the country's affairs and their status has not been accorded due recognition. They have been excluded from designing, planning and implementing programms and policies that affect them. The youth form 60% of the total labour force but many of them have not been absorbed in the job market owing to the country's high unemployment level. According to the Kenyan constitution, the youth need to be empowered with the relevant education, skills, and training that can enable them participate in all aspects of life and this is the duty of all state institutions.  This will enable the youth to increase their spiritual, political, social, educational, moral, and economic participation in the community for service delivery and development. The youth provide the baseboard to the economic, political and social transformation of the country hence through their empowerment the prosperity of the nation is secured. The study established that majority of the youth had some roles to play in their churches, which included acting as spiritual leaders, and church elders. Further the results showed that they participated in singing, co-ordinating church programmes advising, preaching, working as secretaries, providing community service, ushering and teaching others. However, the youth did not participate in key positions such as working as church treasurers. The study established that misunderstandings, lack of support and rejection were the most serious challenges that the youth face in the course of discharging their church duties while opposition from other church members was the least.

Keywords: global phenomenon, church treasurers, church members, spiritual leaders.

Title: THE ROLE OF THE SEVENT DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH IN PROMOTING YOUTH LEADERSHIP IN MOSANDO DISTRICT, KISII COUNTY

Author: Yucabeth Kerubo Nyauntu, Dr. Hezekiah Obwoge, Dr. David J. Ndegwa

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Abstract: This paper is a review of consumer behaviour with respect to linear expenditure system, separable and additive utility functions, homogeneous and homothetic utility functions, direct and indirect utility functions and duality in consumption. Consumers of economic commodities are believed to be rational (always seeking to maximize utility and minimize cost). This theory of consumer behavior is useful in the analysis of utility optimization. The specific properties of utility functions are of interest to the economist. Linear expenditure systems are helpful in developing theories that are conformable to empirical modeling and estimation. Separable and additive utility functions emphasize that utility is derived from a group of commodities. Homothetic function is a monotonic transformation of a homogeneous function. The concept of’ ‘Duality’ enables analysis of direct and indirect utility functions based on convenience. We are able to derive the compensated demand function using the duality principle.

Keywords: Consumer behavior, linear expenditure, utility function, direct, indirect, duality, homogeneous, homothetic, separability, additivity

Title: UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND CONSUMPTION

Author: Idisi P. O., Ogwu I. J., Agwu O. A.

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Abstract: The aim of the current research is to deepen the sales performance in Islamic banks from an Islamic perspective. Regardless of decades of ongoing analysis and rising importance, research on Sales performance has ignored religious elements essential in daily life responsibilities. Islamic personality traits remain largely unstudied. Therefore, this research examines The Impact of Muslim Personality Traits on Sales Performance in Islamic Banks of Karachi, Pakistan. Likert-scale Questionnaire survey was used for collecting data from 250 customers. Taqwa, Forgiveness and truth have been used as variables. Reliability, Factor and regression techniques have been applied for estimation. Result shows that all factors are reliable, grouping of questionnaire items are accurate and there is significant positive effect of Taqwa, forgiveness and truth on sales performance.

Keywords: Muslim Personality Traits, Sales Performance, Taqwa, Forgiveness, Truth, Promise.

Title: The Impact of Muslim Personality Traits on Sales Performance in Islamic Banks

Author: Sadaf Saeed, Dr. Danish Ahmed Siddiqui

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven localities in Khartoum State (Sudan) to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pesticide’s sprayers towards pesticide use and their residues on the vegetables grown in greenhouses. Fourteen farms were selected, and a structured questionnaire was used to interview 20 applicators. The results revealed that the ages of all interviewed pesticide’s sprayers were ranging between 25 and 45 years old. Their education levels were 30% primary school, 25% high secondary school, 30% university graduates, and 5% illiterates. A hundred percent of the respondents received training on pesticide handling, 80% knew that pesticides are very harmful, 20% mentioned that they are moderate harmful to the human health, and 75% did not know that the pesticide’s residues may remain on the vegetables after application. Seventy percent of them followed the instructions written on the bottle label or packet, whereas 25% were following the instructions on the label and the engineer, and 5% were following only the instructions of the engineer. Fortunately, the whole pesticide’s sprayers interviewed were using personal protective equipment (PPE) during spraying the pesticides to reduce occupational exposure to pesticides. The greater part (95%) of them did not smoke, eat or drink water during pesticides use, while only one (5%) did not answer. But unfortunately, all of them had demonstrated poor practices of disposing of empty pesticide’s containers. Also, 55% were spraying twice a week, 20% once a week, 20% day after day and (5%) others. In addition, 40% were collected their vegetables three days after spraying, 30% two days after spraying while 30% others irrespective to the instructions of the labels. The study concluded that there is a great risk to the consumers’ health and to the environment in short and long-term and recommended to Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health to conduct thorough training and health education programs for pesticides’ sprayers of greenhouse farms, along with close supervision and monitoring of pesticides residues level on vegetables in order to reduce the potential health risks to the farm workers and consumers.

Keywords: Knowledge; attitudes; practices; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables; Greenhouses; Sudan.

Title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Pesticide’s Sprayers towards Pesticides Use and Handling in Greenhouse Farms, Sudan

Author: Awad O. Mohamed, Adam A. Mater, Ahmed M.A. Hammad, Abd Elaziz S.A. Ishag,  Azhari O. Abdelbagi, Ali M. Eldein, Elsadig M. Eltayeb, Asia A. Dahab, Ahmed Abdul Gader

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Abstract: This research is about the effect of service quality dimension on customer satisfaction and loyalty. In this paper a sample of 250 respondents were collected from the Islamic Banking customers in Karachi, Pakistan. SERVPERF model were used to measure the service quality in banking sector. The analysis includes Regression analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis and T-Tests were used to calculate the results. Finding shows that tangibility’s reliability, responsiveness and empathy has a significant effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty whereas the assurance has no significant effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The researcher recommends that the bank should focus on the tangibility dimension because it affects the most in the research.

Keywords: SERVPERF, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty, Islamic banking.

Title: BANK SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, LOYALTY:  A STUDY BASED ON ISLAMIC BANKS IN PAKISTAN

Author: Rabia Shaikh, Dr. Danish Ahmed Siddiqui

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Rwanda, as any other country in the world needs resources to finance national expenditure for economic development. Tax collection is perceived to be the highest contributing factor to this achievement. For efficient and effective collection of taxes, Rwanda has moved away from administrative assessment system to a system of self-assessment which relies on most taxpayers to voluntarily comply with their tax obligations to register, keep proper records, file correct returns and pay tax on time. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the determinant of tax compliance on corporate income tax in Rwanda amongst corporate enterprises to determine what encourage or discourage taxpayers to register, to file and pay to the tax authority the accurate tax and at the right time. According to the literature review, four main factors influence tax compliance namely: economic, institutional, social and individual factors. A sample size of 396 taxpayers grouped into large, medium and small taxpayers was randomly selected and participated in this study. Primary and secondary data was used in this research. Data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were presented in forms of tables, frequency, and percentage. The empirical analysis used multinomial regression model and correlation coefficient analysis. The study results show a statistically significant relationship between tax knowledge, tax law, tax rates, enforcement, tax penalties, tax attitudes and perceptions and tax compliance level. With tax knowledge that knowledge as an important factor influencing tax compliance among taxpayers in Rwanda. The results show that 56.3 % of respondents are not informed of their tax rights and obligations, while 57.7% have not received trainings or any other information regarding how to use RRA electronic filling and payment system. This may pose some taxpayer educational challenges for RRA. The study results can assist the policy makers and the tax administration to address the root causes of non-compliance to eradicate once for all the non-tax compliance among taxpayers.

Keywords: Tax compliance, Corporate income tax, Tax avoidance, Tax evasion, Rwanda Revenue Authority.

Title: THE DETERMINANTS OF TAX COMPLIANCE ON CORPORATE INCOME TAX IN RWANDA

Author: Helene UWIMBABAZI, Harelimana Jean Bosco

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace, keeping in minds the capabilities and limitations of the worker. A systematic ergonomics improvement process removes risk factors that lead to WMSD’s (work related musculoskeletal disorders) and allows for improved human performance and productivity. While designing ergonomic hazards out of the workplace is ideal, other measures such as administrative controls (including training or employee rotation) and changes to work practices are necessary. A healthful environment brings safety to the employees with physical and mental capabilities in performing their jobs. Absence of these facilities usually leads to the employee distress, absenteeism, job stress, accidents and fatigue.

Keywords: Ergonomics, WMSD’s (work related musculoskeletal disorders), job stress, accidents, distress, absenteeism and fatigue, employee rotation.

Title: Necessity of Suitable Ergonomics in IT Organizations for an Increased Employee Satisfaction with a special reference to udupi district

Author: Associate Prof. Seema Saxena, Prof & Dr. Surekha Invalli

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Abstract: The use of improved rice technology is being promoted by Nigeria government in order to increase productivity of upland rice farming. This study was carried out to investigate the determinant of adoption of improved rice variety in Gwagwalada area council, FCT. The specific objectives of this study were to identify the socio-economic characteristic of the sampled farmers, the profitability differentials between adopters and non-adopters and the determinant of adoption. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 120 rice farmers from four wards. Data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, ratios and maximum likelihood estimator such as probit model. The result shows that 33.3% of the farmers were between the ages 31-40. Most of the farmers were male (85%), who were married (90%). About (23.3%) of the farmers had a household size of 4-6 and 10-12 respectively, (36.7%) attained a tertiary education while (80%) had a farming experience of 12 and above. The profit differentials between the adopters and non-adopters show that the adopters had a profitability ratio of 1.3 while the non-adopters had a profitability ratio of 1.1. The Probit analysis result shows that educational status and the farming experience had a significant effect on adoption of this improved rice variety. Since most of the farmers were educated, training and educational empowerment should be organized by Government for older farmers, also social infrastructure and basic amenities should be provided.

Keywords: improved rice technology, farmers.

Title: DETERMINANTS OF THE ADOPTION OF IMPROVED RICE VARIETY AMONG FARMERS IN GWAGWALADA, ABUJA

Author: Professor P.O. Idisi, Dr. (Mrs) I. J Ogwu, Ademoluti, A. E.

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Almost all economic theories presuppose a production function, either on the firm level or the aggregate level. In this sense the production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories. While there are many different production functions, only certain kinds of production functions are homogeneous. In general, they are multiplicative rather than additive although a few exceptions exist. Homogeneous production functions consist of a broad array of functions with a special characteristic. This paper therefore explores or examines production function and its features, homogenous production and its properties with policy application of elasticity of substitution. Constant elasticity of substitution was also considered. Despite the fact that the CES production function appears to be a very complicated function, it is a useful pedagogical tool in that it can be used to illustrate what happens to the shape of a series of isoquants as the elasticity of substitution changes.

Keywords: production function, homogenous production function, CES production function.

Title: HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCTION FUNCTION

Author: Idisi P. O., Ogwu I. J., Ifekoya C.C.

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: This article aims to describe the role of promotion in increasing the work motivation of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN). Promotion or promotion is an increase of an employee in a better task area, compared to before in terms of greater responsibility, achievement, facilities, higher status, and the addition of wages or salaries, as well as other benefits. Government officials are workers who are paid by the government to carry out technical duties of the government to do services to the public based on the applicable provisions. Motivation is giving enthusiasm to work for employees. By giving motivation, it is intended to provide stimulating power to the employees concerned so that the employee works with all his efforts. Motivation is defined as a personal condition that encourages the individual's desire to carry out certain activities for the purpose.

Keywords: Promotion, Position, Motivation, Apparatus, Civil.

Title: PROMOTION OF POSITION AND WORK MOTIVATION OF STATE CIVIL APARATURE (ASN)

Author: ISHAK RUNI

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: This study examined the effect of executive compensation on financial performance among listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population comprised of the eleven commercial banks listed at the Nairobi securities exchange as at December 2017 as indicated in CMA bulletin 2017. The study employed secondary data extracted from audited financial statements and annual reports of individual listed commercial banks over the 6-year period, 2012 to 2017. STATA was used to tabulate and analyze the data. Percentages, means and frequency distribution tables were used to describe the data. Relationships between the independent and dependent variables were established by means of regression. The study established that executive annual bonuses, executive fixed salaries, executive allowances had a positive effect on financial performance of listed commercial banks while executive share ownership had a negative effect on the financial performance of the listed commercial banks in Kenya. However, the effect of all the four independent variables including; annual bonuses, executive fixed salaries, executive allowances and executive share ownership did not show statistically significant influence on financial performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study thus concludes that executive compensation does not have a significant influence on financial performance listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that top management of listed commercial banks in Kenya should improve on executive compensation even though it may not improve financial performance that much.

Keywords: Executive Compensation, Financial Performance, Listed banks.

Title: Effect of Executive Compensation on the Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Kenya

Author: Muriuki Samuel Mung’ora, Dr. Peter Wang’ombe Kariuki

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The Indian rural market has a huge demand base and offers great opportunities to marketers. Two-thirds of Indian consumers live in rural areas and almost half of the national income is generated from there. In recent years, rural markets have acquired a lot significance, as the overall growth of the rural economy due to good monsoon, improved method of crop yields have resulted into substantial increase in spending power of the rural consumers. However, the major challenge for marketers while catering this market is to ensure the availability of the product and services to these remote locations.  The retailers are the main link between the FMCG manufacturers and rural consumer. Generally, they buy FMCGs from the nearby feeder towns and distribute it to the rural consumers.  Therefore, the effectiveness of rural marketing by marketers heavily depends on the understanding of behavior, attitudes and functioning of retailers.  In order to understand the dynamics and practices of rural retiling the current empirical study has been undertaken. To realise the stated objectives, the researchers have employed a survey method. For this purpose a structured questionnaire has been framed and pre-tested and administered on the 320 rural retailer respondents. The validity of the questionnaire was adjudged, using Cronbach's coefficient (α).  Based on the analysis of the study a brief summary of findings have been made and a meaningful conclusion has been drawn. Finally the results have been compared with the possible evidence.  The study revealed that there is a significant influence of religion of the retailer on the motive behind entering rural retail business. A majority of the rural retailer respondent’s consumers ask for a specific product.  The most important factor considered by consumers while buying FMCG are both quality and price. There is a significant influence of distance to the nearest town on product groups sold by the retailer. Opinion of retailers also has a say in rural areas. Retailers influence the choice of a brand at the point of sale for rural consumers. Most of the time, rural retailers give preference to regional brands over national brands, because of better margin, reasonable quality and credit facilities provided by sellers.

Keywords: FMCG, Monsoon, Cronbach's coefficient (α), Supply Chain Management, Haats and Melas.

Title: DYNAMICS OF RURAL RETAILING IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Author: Dr. Sathyanarayana S

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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