Vol 13 Issue 4 October 2025-December 2025

Abstract: Arab students often experience problems when pronouncing English phonemes and letters because of the multiple local dialects and accents. Each language across the world has its own rules and semantic qualities that distinguish it from other languages. Generations inherit these oral characteristics from the ancient without choice to make their particular linguistic formation, and this becomes a constant custom. Arabic ESL learners encounter various pronunciation hurdles when working to develop the fluency of their English language, which impacts how learners study to form English letter sounds. This paper examines the problems experienced by Arab students in acquiring English as a second language. The research will explore differences between English and their native language, which makes it difficult to learn English, the various problems that students encounter, communication problems and teaching strategies, writing and speaking problems, and associated reasons for the different problems, general causes of weaknesses Arabs face when learning English, and the proposed solutions to improve English proficiency.

Keywords: Arab students, English language, students encounter, communication problems, teaching strategies.

Title: Areas of Weakness in Learning English for Arab Students

Author: Reham Al-Dabbous, Reem Al-Nouri

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 640-646

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Published Date: 27-December-2025

Abstract: Rationale: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in adolescents affects their ability to communicate, interact socially and behave. In a cultural context marked by prejudice and a lack of awareness of the symptoms by family and relatives, there is a need to consider the transformation of the adolescent towards adulthood through all the changes likely to have an impact on the life of the family in a holistic manner. Given the complexity of African family structures, the aim is to understand the cultural signifiers likely to explain the appropriation of private space capable of preserving the intimacy and stability of adolescents with ASD.

Methodology: The study was conducted at the Functional Literacy Centre (CAF) in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Using a comprehensive logic, the clinical method was used. Data was collected using an interview guide with three parents of adolescents living with ASD, which was then analysed using Phenomenological Interpretative Analysis (PIA).

Results: The experience of an ASD restricts the adolescent's ability to dream and to have a “place of one's own” because of the consideration given to cultural signifiers in such a context. The conditions of social life, the factor linked to vulnerability and the strong dependence on others, maintain the adolescent in a liminal posture and limit access to a setting of expression and intimacy likely to contribute to his or her development and autonomy.

Keywords: cultural signifiers, adolescent, Autistic Spectrum Disorder, private space, sense of appropriation.

Title: CULTURAL SIGNIFIERS, FEELING OF APPROPRIATION OF “PRIVATE SPACE” IN A FAMILY SETTING IN ADOLESCENTS LIVING WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN AN AFRICAN ENVIRONMENT

Author: TCHOKOTE Emilie Clarisse

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 631-639

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Published Date: 26-December-2025

Abstract: Roman Jakobson was a distinguished Russian linguist, theorist of poetics, and cultural scholar. Jakobson distinguished various functions of language, including the emotive, conative, and metalingual functions. He also proposed numerous theories, arguments, and key concepts that have become foundational to modern poetics. Importantly, Jakobson’s theory of language functions is not confined to literature or poetry but also applies to the languages of performing arts, such as traditional Tuong theatre, particularly its system of physical expression.

It is precisely through this physical expression, with its multiple layers of meaning conveyed by exaggerated, stylized, and conventionalized gestures, that Tuong generates what may be described as “special linguistic messages” - distinctly characteristic of Tuong.

To further clarify this assertion, and to substantiate Roman Jakobson’s claim that “the fundamental problem of poetics is the answer to the question: by what means does a verbal message become a work of art,” this study undertakes an in-depth analysis of physical language in Tuong performance as a means of constructing character traits and expressing psychological states in the play Vo Tam Tu Executes the Fox, with particular focus on its renowned excerpt, Ho Nguyet Co’s Transformation into a Fox.

Keywords: language, physical language, Tuong.

Title: From Body Language in the Classical Tuong Play Vo Tam Tu Tram Cao to the Validation of Roman Jakobson’s Poetic Principle: “What Makes a Verbal Message a Work of Art?”

Author: Duong Thi Thanh Huyen

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 625-630

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Published Date: 26-December-2025

Abstract: This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach—bridging intellectual history, philosophy, and religious studies—to explore overlooked intersections between Immanuel Kant’s philosophy and Islamic thought. It takes the intriguing appearance of the Basmalah (the Islamic invocation “In the Name of God, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate”) on Kant’s 1755 doctoral diploma as a point of departure for examining cross-cultural intellectual influences in the Enlightenment era. The analysis compares Kant’s ideas with those of prominent Islamic philosophers—especially the epistemological skepticism of al-Ghazālī and the metaphysical principles of Avicenna—to identify conceptual resonances and potential channels of influence on Kant’s critical philosophy. Through this comparative examination, the study illuminates previously unrecognized links between Enlightenment philosophy and medieval Islamic thought. The findings suggest that elements of Kant’s thought were shaped, directly or indirectly, by Islamic philosophical traditions. This exploratory yet assertive inquiry into Kant’s “hidden Islam” challenges the conventional narrative of modern philosophy as a purely Western enterprise and underscores the globally interconnected intellectual lineage of Enlightenment thought. Overall, the study’s conclusions invite a re-evaluation of the origins of modern philosophy and highlight the broader implications of acknowledging Islamic contributions within the foundations of Western philosophical discourse.

Keywords: Immanuel Kant, Basmalah, Islamic philosophy, al-Ghazālī, Avicenna, modern philosophy.

Title: Kant the Unlikely Muhaddith? Basmalah and the Hidden Islam of Modern Philosophy

Author: Mohammad Abul Mufazzal, Naseem Fatima Chaudhary

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 610-624

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Published Date: 25-December-2025

Abstract: The National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) seeks to reduce poverty in Nigeria through employment generation, women and youth empowerment, infrastructure development, and value reorientation. Evidence on its effectiveness in Adamawa State is limited. The study aims to assess the impact and effectiveness of NEEDS interventions on poverty reduction and the role of value reorientation in improving livelihoods in Adamawa State. A mixed-methods convergent design was adopted. Quantitative data were collected from 387 households across all 21 Local Government Areas using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions with men, women, and youth. Descriptive statistics summarized socio-demographics and program outcomes, while correlation and multivariate regression analyses examined the relationship between NEEDS components and a composite Poverty Index. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data for triangulation. Awareness of NEEDS was moderate (63.3%), but only 48.8% perceived economic improvements. Employment increased from 42.1% to 65.4%, and average monthly income rose from ₦28,300 to ₦48,700. Skill training participation increased from 25.6% to 58.2%. Women and youth empowerment achieved a moderate level (mean index = 3.67/5), while infrastructure improvements were notable in roads (68.2%), markets (64.5%), and electricity (57.1%). Regression analysis showed employment generation (β = -0.312, p < 0.001), women/youth empowerment (β = -0.276, p = 0.004), infrastructure development (β = -0.298, p = 0.001), and value reorientation (β = -0.184, p = 0.021) significantly reduced poverty, explaining 54.7% of variance. KIIs and FGDs reinforced these findings but noted gaps in funding, monitoring, and program continuity. NEEDS has moderately improved livelihoods, empowered women and youth, and enhanced infrastructure access in Adamawa State. Strengthened monitoring, awareness campaigns, and sustainable funding are recommended to maximize impact.

Keywords: NEEDS, Poverty Reduction, Employment, Infrastructure, Value Reorientation.

Title: THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Author: Wariyaki Bristone Tongsari, Idi Audu

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 601-609

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Published Date: 24-December-2025

Abstract: Cross-border E-commerce is a core force in the global economy and an emerging field in the development of international trade in recent years. This paper takes cross-border E-commerce giant SHEIN as the research subject, using the 4P model, competitor analysis, and Porter’s Five Forces analysis to explore the core competitiveness and innovative model of SHEIN’s marketing strategies. It finds that SHEIN leverages positioning innovation, supply chain innovation, core technology innovation, value innovation, brand strategy, and continuous innovation, and seizes overseas markets with advantages in high cost performance and rapid product launches. These strategies have enabled SHEIN to achieve remarkable results in the global market and provide valuable experience for other cross-border e-commerce enterprises to draw upon in the fierce market competition.

Keywords: Cross-border E-commerce; Marketing Strategies; Innovative Model.

Title: The Innovative Models of Cross-Border E-commerce —Taking SHEIN as an Example

Author: Dr. Lifen Tsai, Guoshuai Wang

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 594-600

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Published Date: 18-December-2025

Abstract: Technological advancements in the digital financial sector have enabled financial institutions to enhance operational efficiency while prioritizing customer needs. This study aimed to examine the effect of internet banking technology on loan performance among Deposit- Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (DT SACCOs) in Nairobi City County. Specifically, the study explored how digital financial innovations influence the loan performance of DT SACCOs. Previous research underscored the importance of adopting financial innovations in the financial services industry. To establish the research gaps and theoretical foundation, the study reviewed the diffusion of innovation theory along with relevant literature. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting a sample of 70 respondents comprising members of the board of management and staff from forty DT SACCOs within Nairobi City County. Out of the 70 distributed questionnaires, 63 were completed and returned, yielding a response rate of 90%. The analysis revealed that most respondents acknowledged a significant influence of internet banking technology on loan performance in DT SACCOs, with a mean score of 4.18. Regression analysis and hypothesis testing further confirmed that the implementation of digital financial innovations in loan processes positively influences loan performance. Based on these findings, the study recommends that DT SACCOs adopt internet banking technology to enhance their loan portfolio performance, especially as the financial sector increasingly transitions toward a digital environment.

Keywords: Digital Financial innovation, loan performance, deposit-taking SACCOs.

Title: Influence of Internet Banking Technology on Loan Performance of Deposit-Taking SACCOs in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Author: Joseph Mwaniki Nyamai, Enid Kirimo, Lucy Ajwang

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 585-593

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Published Date: 17-December-2025

Abstract: Against the backdrop of rapid updates and iterations of the Internet, the rise of short videos has made Social E-Commerce a new business model. Using the Kuaishou platform as a case study, this paper aims to explore marketing strategies for Social Networking Site from the perspective of AISAS theory. Through literature review, case analysis, in-depth interviews, and content analysis, it reveals Kuaishou’s current practices in attracting users’ attention, stimulating interest, promoting searches, driving actions, and encouraging sharing, as well as identifying major issues faced by the platform, including content quality, user experience, brand image, pricing and promotions, and technical functions. The paper provides optimization strategies for Kuaishou, primarily focusing on improving content quality, enhancing user experience, reshaping brand image, optimizing pricing strategy, and increasing investment in technological innovation, in order to enhance marketing effectiveness and competitiveness, and achieve sustainable development. This study not only enriches the application of AISAS theory in the Social E-Commerce environment, but also offers directions for optimizing marketing strategies for Social E-Commerce platforms.

Keywords: AISAS Theory, Social E-commerce Platform, Marketing Strategy. 

Title: The study on Marketing Strategies of Social E-commerce Platforms by AISAS Theory -Taking Kuaishou as an Example

Author: Dr. Lifen Tsai, Yinxue Ruan

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 577-584

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Published Date: 15-December-2025

Abstract: With the rapid development of information technology, the continuous increase in internet penetration, and the booming rise of social platforms, Social E-Commerce has emerged in response to the trend. It integrates social and e-commerce elements, leverages social network communication to drive product sales and shows very strong growth momentum. Against this background, this study takes Pinduoduo as the subject of this study, applying literature research, in-depth interviews, and case study methods to deeply analyze its innovative model of Social E-Commerce. The study finds that Pinduoduo has achieved remarkable results through innovative initiatives, such as the group-buying model, the '10-billion dollar subsidies', and the C2M (Customer-to-Manufacturer) model, but also faces many problems, such as insufficient product control, exaggerated publicity, lacks of sustained innovation in promotion and service, insufficient profitability and precision marketing, as well as deficiencies in core technology and brand image. The study proposes corresponding optimization strategies, including strengthening product control, ensuring truthful publicity, continuously improving promotional activities and services, optimizing profitability models and the accuracy of discount strategies, and enhancing core technology innovation. This research provides theoretical support and practical examples for innovation and development in the Social E-Commerce field, contributing positively to the sustainable development of the industry. It is hoped that Pinduoduo and other Social Networking Site would continuously improve their innovative models, provide better quality services to consumers, and create greater value in the e-commerce market.

Keywords: Social E-Commerce, Social Networking Site, Innovative Model, Group Buying Model.

Title: The study on the Innovative Model of Social E-Commerce: A Case Study of Pinduoduo

Author: Dr. Lifen Tsai, Chaotong Zhou

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 570-576

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 12-December-2025

Abstract: Political parties in several parts of world are as important as the democratic process itself. However, despites this unifying purpose, the modus operandi and philosophical inclination differs across board, one of which is the zoning principle. This paper examined the ‘zoning’ principle as adopted by political parties in Nigeria and its implication for the consolidation of democratic practice in Nigeria using a qualitative methodology which included a scientific review of literature, case studies, and interviews in selected marginalized regions in Nigeria to gain a deeper insight into the impact of ticket zoning on the consolidation of democracy. The theoretical foundation of this paper is based on the duo of Alan Ware’s Theory of Intra-Party Democracy and Robert Michels’ Iron Law of Oligarchy owing to the notion that parties must exercise a considerable amount of internal democracy before laying claim to consolidating same and that political parties though are supposed to carry the will of the majority and showcase democracy are unequivocally dominated by a very small group of people who control the parties from the background respectively. The findings from the survey reveal a nuanced perspective among respondents, with the majority understanding the principle of ticket-zoning well. A significant proportion have voted based on this principle, while divergent opinions exist on its impact on democracy and the emergence of competent leaders. Respondents also highlight the positive and negative impacts of ticket-zoning on power distribution and resource allocation. Recommendations from the study include a call for a delicate balance between ticket-zoning and meritocracy to ensure competent leadership.

Keywords: Zoning, Political parties, Democracy, Consolidation, Nigeria.

Title: Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ticket-Zoning and the Consolidation of Democracy in a Marginalized Nigeria

Author: Adeyeye, Jibril A., Dr. Salawu, Ibrahim O., Adeyeye Shade M.

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 562-569

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 08-December-2025

Abstract: Majority of OVC in Africa including Kenya continues to rely on extended families and kin networks’ households for care. Meanwhile, research indicates that some households are not involved in the care of OVC. However, current research has not shed light on what informs households’ involvement in the care of OVC. This study sought to examine the influence of child vulnerability status on households’ involvement in the care of OVC In Rongai Sub-County. The study was guided by three specific objectives namely; [1] orphans and vulnerable children’s physical disability on households’ involvement in care provision [2] orphans and vulnerable children’s mental disability and households’ involvement in care provision, [3] orphans and vulnerable children’s visual impairment and households’ involvement in care provision and [4] orphans and vulnerable children’s hearing impairment and households’ involvement in care provision in Rongai Sub-County of Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was informed by Attachment and Social Exchange theories. The study was anchored on explanatory sequential design, a type of mixed method research design in which quantitative data is collected first, followed by qualitative data.  The study engaged a sample size 221 selected through stratified and purposive sampling methods. Two methods of data collection namely questionnaire and semi-structured interview was employed. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis method. Results of the study are presented in graphs, tables and quotes. Vulnerability status of OVC that had the greatest influence on households’ involvement in care giving were physical disability and visual impairment. These findings underscore the need for the government to tailor its social assistance programs for OVC to the level of need of vulnerable children and also introduce free specialized healthcare services to vulnerable children so as to lessen the burden of care giving shouldered by households. Findings of the study have broadened existing scholarly knowledge on the role of the informal institutions in care giving to OVC.

Keywords:  Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Physical Disability, Mental Disability Children, Visual Impairment, Hearing Impairment, Households, Involvement.

Title: The Influence of Child Vulnerability Status on Households’ Involvement in the Care of OVC in Rongai Sub-County

Author: Chris Kibet Koech, Eric K. Bor, Samwel Auya

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 552-561

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Published Date: 05-December-2025

Abstract: This study reveals how educated unemployment, fueled by job rejection because of waiting for a good occupation, creates a paradox of waiting labor, stalling economic productivity while perpetuating skill wastage. Without intervention, this ‘waiting trap’ risks long-term structural unemployment and economic stagnation

A study examines the paradox of educated unemployment driven by voluntary job rejection a phenomenon where skilled laborers await 'ideal' opportunities while productive capacity stagnates

Purpose: Unemployment has been a theme for numerous studies, and the latest debate: this paper explores how educated people reject job available for waiting for a good job and which finally affects individuals and the economy, bringing worse economic performance

This study explores the phenomenon of educated unemployment and its consequences, underpinned by human capital theory and job search theory, to examine why individuals with academic qualifications remain jobless. while waiting for better opportunities ahead.

This study employs a qualitative research design, since the study uses interviews, talks to unemployed educated individuals, and business owners to investigate their perceptions and expectations, and struggles. since interviews came to be more firmly grounded in the qualitative realm of research. The 1960s and 1970s saw researchers engaging in methodological discussions about different aspects of interviews as contextually and socially situated speech events, including researcher positionality and the power dynamics between interviewer and interviewee (Karatsareas 2022) Findings reveal that educated individuals fall into the hope trap of believing in a psychological state that one day they will attain their dream occupation soon, and suffer financial instability and depression while waiting, finally disappointed as they expect a better job. The study hypothesizes that the need for labor market reforms must address three mentality gaps. (1) occupational prestige hierarchies, (2) unrealistic salary expectations, and (3) family pressures enforcing acceptable job norms. and education reform, and policies that should bridge the gaps in educated individuals.

Implications for research and practice, the funding provide opportunities for policymakers and individuals to collaborate with officials (government) to develop strategies that will enhance the mindset, Future Studies may investigate offer government responsible Escalating unemployment in educated individuals other than mindset of waiting and expecting good occupation despite betterment in economic / despite human and economic enhancement.

Keywords: educated unemployment, job rejection, waiting trap, labor market mismatch, Human Capital Underutilization Economic Consequence.

Title: WAITING FOR BETTER WHILE DOING NOTHING: EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCE

Author: Mr. Olivier UWAMBAJIMANA

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 542-551

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 03-December-2025

Abstract: Today in the fast-running phase of life, people really find it difficult to manage a balance between the pressure of work place and the duties of a home- maker, be it a male or female. “Work- family balance” evolved into “work –life balance” partly in response to workers which means the working women should have a balance between work and life to take care of their responsibilities too. The present study was undertaken to determine the work life balance and analyses the problems faced by women police. The women police personnel most of the time work under stress due to work load, extended duty hours, political pressures, personal or family problems etc. Police put up with long and irregular working hours without any break i.e.; 24x 7 duties. Then the women in police force have to do both the roles in office and home. The study is conducted in Malappuram District and a sample of 55 women police were selected by using purposive sampling method. The study also measures the job satisfaction experienced by women police.

Keywords: Work Life Balance, Women Police, Job Stress, Job Satisfaction.      

Title: WORK LIFE BALANCE OF WOMEN POLICE

Author: Dr. Priyalakshmi.P.N

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 538-541

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 02-December-2025

Abstract: This Paper presents the introduction of the study that is the influence of regional trade stratagem on Kenya's diplomatic engagements within the East African Community paradigm. The study examines the study's background information in the context of global, regional and national, local perspectives with the aim to give context and gaps in the area of research.

Many countries around the world use economic diplomacy to exert their influence. Kenya is a major economy in Africa ranking currently among the biggest economies in East Africa Community. It’s robust economy and advanced infrastructure development compared to other neighboring states has earned her the title “the Gateway to Africa.” While many studies explore Kenya’s economic growth, few interrogate its efficiency as a tool for economic diplomacy in the EAC. This necessitated an urgent inquiry into strategies on how to interrogate the influence of regional trade stratagem on Kenya's diplomatic engagements within the East African community paradigm.

Keywords: International trade stratagem, strategic Diplomatic engagements, Trade policies, Economic Partnerships.

Title: Regional Trade Stratagem Influencing Kenya’s Diplomatic Engagements With inThe East African Community. EAC, Paradigm

Author: Samson Kemboi Koech, Amb Pual Kibiwwot Kurgat, Dr Gerald Liguyani Majany

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 513-537

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Published Date: 02-December-2025

Abstract: Public diplomacy refers to the efforts employed by a certain country or government to communicate directly with foreign publics aiming to achieve its foreign policy objectives. It incorporates numerous initiatives, leveraging approaches, and well-designed tools to shape public opinion of other countries, build positive relationships with the foreign populations, and create a favorable national image to promote its national interests. Therefore, public diplomacy plays a vital role in international relations by shaping and promoting mutual understanding between nations. Major countries use public diplomacy to increase their influence and enhance their soft power in the foreign countries; Public diplomacy aims to shape a country's image and reputation abroad by showcasing its cultural, political, and social values, it seeks to influence public opinion in other countries, often to secure support for its foreign policies, initiatives, or positions on global issues. Since the last decade, People’s Republic of China has utilized public diplomacy efforts toward Rwanda to foster the bilateral relations between the two countries by employing multifaceted approaches. All the initiatives that China has utilized have shaped favorable China’s image within Rwandese society as a reliable partner. This research intends to provide a more nuanced theoretical and practical knowledge about Chinese diplomatic intentions and its foreign policy objectives, providing valuable insights for Rwandan policy makers and future researchers about Sino-Rwandan relations through examining China’s public diplomacy efforts toward Rwanda since 2013.

Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Sino-Rwanda Relations, International Relations, Impacts, Implications, Jilin University.

Title: China’s Public Diplomacy in Rwanda: Features, Impacts, and Implications since 2013

Author: Mr. Eric SHEMA, Dr. Frank Stephano Mabagala, Mr. Donald Malangwa Moses

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025

Page No: 498-512

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-December-2025