Vol 13 Issue 2 October 2025-March 2026

Abstract: Kenya’s road construction sector continues to experience delays, cost overruns, and incomplete projects despite major public investment, with nearly 55% of projects facing significant performance challenges. This study examined how environmental, financial, political, and logistical risk management strategies influence the performance of selected road construction projects in Kenya. Guided by contingency, agency, and stakeholder theories, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 90 project managers, using a census approach and semi-structured questionnaires for data collection. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed that all four risk management dimensions have a positive and significant effect on project performance. The study concludes that integrating environmental considerations at the planning stage, strengthening financial risk controls, prioritizing political risk mitigation, and improving logistical coordination are critical for effective project delivery. It recommends early risk identification, comprehensive mitigation planning, and strong stakeholder engagement to enhance performance outcomes in Kenya’s road construction projects.

Keywords: Environmental risk, Financial risk, Political risk, Logistical risk, Road construction projects, Kenya.

Title: Risk Management Strategies and Performance of Selected Road Construction Projects in Kenya

Author: Kenneth Njuguna Mbogori, Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 153-161

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 21-November-2025

Abstract: This study examines the level of public satisfaction with the BRT service in Tanzania, with a case study focusing on Dar es salaam city. Recognizing that high quality of service is vital for enabling public satisfaction, the research specifically assessed the level of reliability with BRT services in Dar es salaam, determined the level of assurance provided by the BRT Service in Dar es salaam and assessed the level of empathy shown by the BRT Service in Dar es salaam. A quantitative research design was employed, targeting BRT users as key stakeholders, given their critical role as consumers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 384 BRT users, with analysis conducted through descriptive statistics using SPSS software. Descriptive results highlighted mixed perceptions about service quality. The study’s findings were interpreted using SERVQUAL model, which emphasizes on the gap theory, which posits that customer satisfaction arises when there is no significant gap between Customer expectations of a service and Customer perceptions of the actual service delivered. The low mean scores in the study, clearly show that passengers perceive the BRT system in Dar es Salaam as unreliable, particularly in terms of punctuality and frequency, underscores the need for sustained investment in Bus rapid transit to ensure public satisfaction. findings show that the BRT service in Dar es salaam is not meeting passenger expectations on the Assurance dimension of service quality. Specifically in Safety concerns, especially regarding accidents. Based on the findings, the study recommends Timetable enforcement, Staff training, Awareness campaigns, Customer service training and install or enhance feedback platforms (digital or in-person) for users to report staff behavior reward excellent service and correct poor conduct. Finally, further research is required, particularly in specific route, further more In-depth qualitative research.

Keywords: Level of reliability with BRT services, Level of assurance provided by the BRT Service, Level of empathy shown by the BRT Service, Level of public satisfaction with the BRT service.

Title: PUBLIC SATISFACTION LEVEL WITH BUS RAPID TRANSIT SERVICE: A CASE OF DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

Author: Gift Bardo Nyangulu, Dr. Prosper Nyaki

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 148-152

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 18-November-2025

Abstract: Direct Selling (DS) is a particular set of business that engages direct sellers to foster relationships with prospective consumers, either in person or through interactions, demonstrations or through other means like social media etc. The direct sellers, sell and market the products and services of the affiliate company. They usually build a network to expand their business. Revenue is earned through commissions made on sales that affects them as well as on any sales generated through their down-the-line network of direct sellers. It is an emerging industry that fulfils the Indian Government mandate like employment generation, skill development, women empowerment, make in India, rural development, natural farming etc. and play crucial roles in the system of overall economic developmental growth. Despite of the various inbuilt qualities of this industry, it is also seen as one of the controversial business model.

This article evaluates the direct selling industry across several parameters such as employment generation, women participation, industry growth, product category coverage and its CSR initiatives through a span of five years from 2018 to 2023. It will also highlight the issues and challenges that deter the expansion of India's direct selling market.

Keywords: Direct-selling, direct sellers, product categories, employment, women participation, skilling, network, CSR, India.

Title: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIRECT SELLING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Author: Mohmed Zakir Hussain

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 135-147

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Published Date: 17-November-2025

Abstract: This study examined the effect of project planning on the performance of public projects in Rwanda, focusing on the Disability Management Information System (DMIS) project. The research aimed to assess how risk management planning, resource planning, and stakeholder engagement influence project performance. An explanatory mixed-methods design was employed, involving 92 respondents selected from 119 DMIS stakeholders using simple random sampling. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires containing both Likert-scale and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis. Findings revealed strong positive correlations between the three planning components and DMIS project performance. Risk management planning showed the highest influence (r = 0.781, p < 0.001), explaining 61% of performance variance, followed by resource planning (r = 0.764, p < 0.001; 58%) and stakeholder engagement (r = 0.732, p < 0.001; 54%). The combined regression model was significant (F(3,88) = 72.614, p < 0.001), with an adjusted R² of 0.713, indicating that the three variables jointly explained 71.3% of the variation in project performance. Qualitative findings supported these results, emphasizing the importance of proactive risk identification, efficient resource allocation, and inclusive stakeholder participation in achieving timely, budget-compliant, and high-quality project outcomes. The study concludes that comprehensive project planning—encompassing strong risk management, effective resource planning, and stakeholder engagement—is a key determinant of successful public project performance in Rwanda.

Keywords: Project Planning, Performance, Public Project, DMIS, NCPD, Rwanda.

Title: Project Planning and the Performance of Public Project in Rwanda.  A Case Study of DMIS Implemented by NCPD

Author: Tugirimana Jean Claude, Dr Osiemo Kengere

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 122-134

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Published Date: 13-November-2025

Abstract: Patient satisfaction in disease prevention and control reflects the quality of healthcare delivery, especially in developing countries like Rwanda. This study assessed factors influencing patient satisfaction among 220 outpatients at Muhima Referral Hospital using a cross-sectional design and structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with descriptive and chi-square tests applied. Results revealed that 69.8% of patients were satisfied with overall services, and 69.7% rated them as effective. Interpersonal relations were highly rated (80.7%), professionalism (84.8%), and communication clarity (81.7%). Accessibility (77%) and affordability (69.7%) also contributed to satisfaction, though 17.4% expressed dissatisfaction with access and 15.6% with waiting time. Significant predictors included waiting time (AOR = 2.94, p = 0.026), education level (p < 0.05), staff attitude (p = 0.004), and communication clarity. The study concludes that while satisfaction is high, improving affordability, access, and timeliness can further strengthen patient-centered care in Rwanda.

Keywords: Accessibility of Services, Curative and Follow-up Services, Disease Prevention and Control, Health Security Factors, Patient Satisfaction, Personal Relationships and Staff Etiquette, Prevalence of Patient Satisfaction, Turnaround Time in Service Delivery.

Title: Factors Associated with Patient Satisfaction in Disease Prevention Control among Patients Attending Outpatient Services at Muhima Referral Hospital-Rwanda, 2025

Author: Nizeyimana Fidele, Dr Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish_, Nduwamungu Alexis_, Nsekeyimana Damien

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 106-121

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 13-November-2025

Abstract: For many years, the Government of Kenya has experienced persistent challenges in the delivery of public services. In response, the government adopted the e-Government Policy in 2013 and established Huduma Centres as one-stop service points to enhance accessibility, efficiency, and transparency. Despite these interventions, concerns remain regarding the effectiveness of technological infrastructure in improving service delivery. This study evaluated the relationship between technological infrastructure and government service delivery at the Mombasa Huduma Centre. The research was anchored on Systems Theory and Task–Technology Fit Theory. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted. The target population consisted of 130 employees stationed at the Mombasa Huduma Centre. A representative sample was determined using the Yamane formula, while proportionate stratified sampling ensured balanced representation across departments. Data were collected using pilot-tested, semi-structured questionnaires. Validity was ensured through expert review and reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) were used to summarize responses, while Pearson’s correlation analysis was employed to establish the relationship between technological infrastructure and service delivery. The findings indicated that technological infrastructure significantly and positively influenced government service delivery by improving turnaround time, reducing paperwork, minimizing human error, and enhancing overall customer experience. However, the study also identified occasional system downtime, limited bandwidth, and delayed maintenance as key challenges affecting operational efficiency. The study concludes that technological infrastructure is a critical driver of effective service delivery in digital government platforms. It recommends greater investment in modern ICT infrastructure, enhanced bandwidth capacity, routine system upgrades, continuous staff training, and proactive maintenance. Strengthening technological capacity will improve reliability, user satisfaction, and overall public trust in e-government services.

Keywords: technological infrastructure, service delivery, Mombasa huduma centre, Kenya.

Title: Evaluation of the Relationship between Technological Infrastructure and Government Service Delivery at the Mombasa Huduma Centre, Kenya

Author: Gakinya Faith Wangari, Joshua Tumuti

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 98-105

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Published Date: 12-November-2025

Abstract: The National Government Constituency Development Fund (NG-CDF) plays a major role in fostering infrastructural development across various sectors in Kenya through utilization of allocated 5.7 percent of the country’s GDP. To achieve this, project risk management strategies such as risk avoidance, risk transfer, risk reduction and risk sharing are increasingly accepted and used in infrastructural project management worldwide. However, infrastructural project performance surveys shows that overall non-performance is a major risk faced by NG-CDF funded projects in Kenya. The risks attributable to the determinants of this non-performance is therefore necessary for mitigation against the risk and for the safety and soundness of NG-CDF funded projects in Kenya. In particular, Nairobi City County is host to most NG-CDF funded infrastructural projects reporting varied and inconsistent performances. The study therefore sought to investigate the influence of risk management strategies on performance of NG-CDF funded infrastructural projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study target population was 699 NG-CDF infrastructural projects based in the county and undertaken between 2017-2022. FYs. Stratified random sampling was applied which generated a sample of 254 respondents. A descriptive research design was employed and guided, among others, primary data collection using semi-structured questionnaires and both descriptive and inferential data analysis. From this analysis it was established that the identified risk management strategies had varying predictive powers for performance of NG-CDF funded infrastructural projects with risk reduction having the highest (β = 1.076, p < 0.05) and risk sharing having the least (β = 0.279, p < 0.05). The study therefore recommends that while risk is entirely not avoidable, reduction and sharing of it should be embraced.

Keywords: Risk management strategy, Risk Avoidance, Risk Transfer, Risk Reduction, Risk Sharing.

Title: Risk Management Strategies and Performance of National Government-Constituency Development Funded Infrastructural Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Author: Yohana Sadam Dokhlle, Francis Kiarie

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 92-97

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-November-2025

Abstract: The 2025 U.S. reciprocal tariff regime anchored in a baseline 10% duty and surcharges reaching 50% has redefined global trade dynamics, exerting sharp economic and strategic pressures on South Asia’s export-oriented economies. Drawing on data from the United States International Trade Commission (USITC), the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank, this study finds that the U.S.–SAARC trade volume, valued at USD 155.5 billion in 2024, faces contractionary risks of up to 8–12% following tariff escalation. India’s exports of machinery, pharmaceuticals, and electronics worth over USD 45 billion now confront tariffs averaging 30–50%, while Bangladesh’s apparel sector, generating USD 8.3 billion annually, is subject to duties as high as 37%. Pakistan’s textiles, accounting for nearly 60% of its exports to the U.S., face surcharges exceeding 25%, threatening industrial employment and macroeconomic stability.

Yet amid these disruptions lies an opportunity for regional renewal. Intra-SAARC trade remains barely 6% of total commerce one-fourth of ASEAN’s level despite a combined market of 1.9 billion consumers and over USD 4 trillion in GDP. The study argues that the tariff shock, though destabilizing, can act as a structural catalyst for South Asia’s economic resilience by accelerating regional value chain formation, trade facilitation, and institutional cooperation under frameworks such as SAFTA and BBIN. The analysis concludes that the 2025 tariff realignment is not merely a disruption to existing trade flows, but a strategic inflection point urging South Asia to convert adversity into autonomy through deeper regional integration and pragmatic economic diplomacy.

Keywords: U.S. Tariffs , South Asia , SAARC , Trade Diversification , Regional Integration , Trade Diversion Theory , Protectionism , Economic Resilience , U.S.–SAARC Trade , Tariff Realignment.

Title: Tariff Realignment and Trade Diversification: Assessing the Impact of the 2025 U.S. Reciprocal Tariff Regime on South Asia’s Export Resilience

Author: Nadia Ashraf, Imran Ali

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 78-91

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-November-2025

Abstract: This research examines how the staff of Procurement Management Unit (PMU) perceives e-procurement implementation strategies in state organizations, specifically, Mzinga Corporation and Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). A convergent parallel research design was used in the study. which involved 90 respondents including PMU employees and heads of PMU. Data was collected through questionnaires, interview and focus group discussion. The results indicate that most of the staffs have positive perceptions towards e-procurement strategies although they pointed out critical challenges such as lack of Information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, lack of training, resistance to change, lack of supplier readiness, gaps in integration, compliance and security of data. According to the study, the implementation of e-procurement is successful only under the condition of the availability of digital systems as well as the ongoing capacity development, change management, effective communication, strategic alignment, and efficient technological infrastructure. The empirical research suggests that the positive attitudes of Mzinga Corporation and Sokoine University of Agriculture towards e-procurement can be largely explained by the fact that the PMU support institutional goals and are strongly supported by senior management.  However, obstacles such as poor information and communication technology infrastructure, deep-rooted organizational change resistance, lack of requisite skills, limited integration between old and e-procurement systems and pervasive cybersecurity risks remain in the way to successful adoption. The authors thus propose long-term instructional interventions, expanded infrastructural capacities, increased policy alignment, open communicative mechanisms and strengthened cyber-security provisions, all which are considered necessary to instill effective, clear, and responsible e-procurement practices in the government sector of Tanzania.

Keywords: Attitude, Procurement Management, E-Procurement and Public Organisations.

Title: THE ATTITUDE OF PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT UNIT STAFF MEMBERS TOWARDS E-PROCUREMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES IN PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS: A Case of Mzinga Corporation and Sokoine University of Agriculture

Author: Blandina C. Mcharo, Dr. Naomi Mwaikambo

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 69-77

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 10-November-2025

Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between the budgeting control process and company profitability, focusing on Kinazi Cassava Plant Ltd as a case study. The research was motivated by persistent challenges in budgeting control faced by many companies, which hinder managers from achieving organizational objectives. While prior studies in Rwanda largely emphasized the public sector, this study addressed the existing gap by examining the private sector. The general objective was to establish the relationship between budgeting control processes and profitability, with specific aims to assess the effects of budget planning, budget implementation, and budgetary control on company profitability. The study’s significance extends to companies, researchers, academicians, and policymakers, as its findings provide insights into effective budgeting practices for improved financial performance. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted, targeting 174 employees of Kinazi Cassava Plant Ltd, with a sample of 64 respondents selected through stratified and simple random sampling. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed through SPSS, with results presented in tables.

Findings revealed that 89.69% of respondents agreed that budget planning influences profitability, 100% confirmed the impact of budget implementation, and 93.64% acknowledged the role of budgetary control. Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships among budget planning, implementation, and control, as well as between these processes and profitability indicators such as sales growth, return on assets, and return on investment (p-values < 0.05 and < 0.01). The study concluded that effective budget planning is crucial for financial management, goal achievement, cost efficiency, and risk mitigation. It recommended involving all budget users in the planning process to enhance implementation quality and strengthening budgetary control measures to ensure accountability. Additionally, it advised regular staff training on budgeting practices to institutionalize sound financial management within companies. Future research was suggested on budgeting control processes related to fund reallocation and risk mitigation within Rwanda’s Agro-based industries.

Keywords: Budgeting Control, Profitability, Agro-Based Industry, Kinazi Cassava Plant, Rwanda.

Title: Budgeting Control Process and Profitability of Agro-Based Industry in Rwanda: A Case of Kinazi Cassava Plant Limited

Author: Nyiransengiyaremye Alice, Dr. Osiemo A. Kengere, Mr. Jubilee Leonard Kakwezi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 57-68

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 07-November-2025

Abstract: This study explores teachers' perspectives on principals' leadership strategies for managing student Behavioural challenges in public secondary schools in Muhanga District, Rwanda. Grounded in Transformational Leadership Theory, the research explores the influence of leadership practices, including counselling, mentorship, and participatory decision-making, on student behaviour and academic performance. Adopting a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with ten teachers and two principals from five secondary schools, purposively selected to provide a comprehensive understanding of leadership dynamics in diverse school contexts. The findings indicate that principals who engage in inclusive and supportive leadership practices have a positive impact on student behaviour; however, challenges such as inconsistent policy implementation, heavy administrative workloads, and limited parental involvement significantly constrain the effectiveness of these strategies. Teachers reported that while guidance-based leadership had a notably positive effect, its application was inconsistent across schools, with variability linked to individual principals' leadership styles and contextual factors within each institution. This variability was shown to directly influence both student behaviour and academic outcomes, underscoring the importance of consistency in leadership practices. The study underscores the need for enhanced leadership development programs that integrate emotional intelligence, restorative practices, and effective Behavioural management strategies. It also highlights the importance of involving teachers in decision-making processes regarding student discipline and fostering stronger partnerships between schools and local communities. These findings offer crucial implications for educational policy and practice, not only within Rwanda but also in broader contexts, providing evidence-based recommendations to refine leadership practices, improve Behavioural management, and ensure alignment between policy and practice in secondary schools.

Keywords: Teachers’ Perspectives, Principals’ Leadership Strategies, and Student Behaviour Management.

Title: Teachers’ Perspectives on Principals’ Leadership Strategies for Managing Student Behavioural Challenges in Public Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Muhanga District, Rwanda

Author: Mr. Florien UWIZEYIMANA, Prof. XIA XUE, Mr. Pierre Chrisologue IMANISHIMWE, Mr. Theogene NTIRENGANYA

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 44-56

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 06-November-2025

Abstract: Youth participation in sports in Kuwait remains relatively low despite growing awareness of the health, social, and psychological benefits associated with physical activity. This study investigates the factors influencing limited engagement in sports among Kuwaiti youth and evaluates the role of school programs in cultivating athletic talent. Data were collected through surveys of students, interviews with physical education teachers, and an analysis of school sports infrastructure. Results indicate that school programs significantly impact skill development, motivation, and participation rates. The findings highlight the need for policy interventions to enhance youth involvement in sports through improved access, structured programs, and incentivized participation.

Keywords: Youth sports participation, Kuwait, school programs, athletic talent development, physical education.

Title: Low Youth Participation in Sports in Kuwait and the Impact of School Programs on Developing Athletic Talent

Author: AHMAD ESSA ALYAQOUB

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 41-43

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Published Date: 05-November-2025

Abstract: This paper explores the development of sports infrastructure in Kuwait and its impact on enhancing athletic performance. Over the past two decades, Kuwait has made significant efforts to modernize sports facilities and promote physical activity through national initiatives and investment in infrastructure. Using a mixed-method approach that combines secondary data analysis and stakeholder perspectives, this study examines the relationship between infrastructure quality, accessibility, and sports outcomes. The findings indicate that the expansion of sports complexes, the establishment of specialized training centers, and public-private partnerships have positively influenced sports performance and participation. However, gaps remain in talent development, facility maintenance, and regional distribution. The paper concludes with recommendations for sustainable infrastructure planning and performance-based evaluation systems.

Keywords: Sports Infrastructure, Kuwait, Sports Performance, Development Policy, Facilities Management.

Title: Developing Sports Infrastructure in Kuwait and Its Role in Raising the Level of Sports Performance

Author: AHMAD ESSA ALYAQOUB

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 37-40

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-November-2025

Abstract: Public relations emerged because humans and organizations are social by nature and depend on communication to build understanding and trust. As societies and institutions grew more complex, studying and influencing public opinion became essential for success. Public relations is both a science—based on research and analysis—and an art that requires creativity and interpersonal skills. Its purpose is to create positive relationships between organizations and their audiences through honesty, transparency, and mutual respect. The philosophy of public relations emphasizes persuasion over coercion, beginning with internal communication before addressing the public. Ultimately, it aligns organizational goals with societal values, promotes social responsibility, and builds a positive reputation based on truth and cooperation.

Keywords: Public relations, creativity and interpersonal skills, mutual respect.

Title: Public Relations Management

Author: AHMAD ESSA ALYAQOUB

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 35-36

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Published Date: 31-October-2025

Abstract: This study aims to identify factors influencing the supply of cayenne pepper, supply response, price variation, and vertical and horizontal market integration of cayenne pepper in West Nusa Tenggara Province. This study uses a descriptive method. The type of data used is quantitative data in the form of secondary monthly time series data for 2016-2023. Data collection uses documentation techniques, by accessing and downloading data from official websites and from report books provided by various related agencies. Data analysis uses the Cobb-Douglas model, coefficient of variation, and theVector Autoregression (VAR), fromVector Error Correction Model(VECM). The results of the study show that the factors that positively and significantly influence the supply of cayenne pepper in NTB Province are the planting area (X1t-2 ), and the price of curly chilies (X3t-2 ) two months earlier; negatively and significantly is the price of large chilies (X4t-2 ), price of SP-36 fertilizer (X5t-2 ), and rainfall (X6t-2 ) two months earlier.The supply response of cayenne pepper in NTB Province is determined by the area of ​​planting area (X1t-2 ) as big as+0,5567, price of cayenne pepper (X2t-2 ) as big as-0,2163,price of curly chilies (X3t-2 ) as big as1,5807, price of large chilies (X4t-2 ) as big as-1,4345; price of SP-36 fertilizer (X5t-2 ) as big as-4,7946and rainfall (X6t-2 ) as big as-0,6444. VariationsPrice of cayenne pepper in West Nusa Tenggara Province sto liveOver the past eight years (2016-2013), prices have fluctuated significantly. At the producer level, the coefficient of variation was 0.40, and at the consumer level, it was 0.61. Vertical integration of the cayenne pepper market in West Nusa Tenggara Province is weak. This means that changes in the price of cayenne pepper in NTB at the consumer level are not well transmitted to the producer level, or vice versa. Meanwhile, horizontal market integration between cities/regencies in West Nusa Tenggara Province has been good in both the short and long term. This means that price changes in one city or regency, such as Mataram City as the reference market, affect prices in other cities or regencies.

Keywords: Supply Response, Price Variation, Market Integration, Coefficient of Variation.

Title: Analysis of Supply Response and Market Integration of Cayenne Pepper in West Nusa Tenggara Province

Author: Lasmiyati, Siddik, Usman

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, October 2025 - March 2026

Page No: 25-34

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Published Date: 29-October-2025