Vol 14 Issue 2 April 2026-June 2026

Abstract: This chapter will provide a summary of the study because the paper critically examines the existing definition of genocide within international law, identifies its shortcomings, and proposes a more comprehensive definition to encompass a broader range of atrocities. The primary objective is to address existing loopholes that allow perpetrators to evade accountability effectively. By widening the scope of what constitutes genocide, the intention is to hold those responsible for heinous crimes against various groups accountable, thereby acting as a deterrent to such atrocities and fostering a just global legal framework.

Keywords: Genocide, atrocities, tribunals, perpetrators, jurisdiction, justice.

Title: Re-evaluating and Expanding the Definition of Genocide in International Law

Author: Kombo Benard Simion, Wisdom Dube, Julius Kombo Ayusa

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 517-531

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading global cause of years lived with disability and represents a major public health and socio-economic concern. School teachers are an occupational group at high risk of LBP due to prolonged standing, heavy workload, poor ergonomic conditions, and psychosocial stress. Despite this burden, evidence on the prevalence and associated factors of LBP among primary school teachers in Rwanda remains limited. This study assessed the prevalence of low back pain and its associated socio-demographic and work-related factors among primary school teachers in Rwamagana District, Rwanda. A descriptive cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach was conducted in June 2025. A total of 169 primary school teachers were selected using a cluster sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized participants’ characteristics, while the Chi-square test assessed associations. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of low back pain. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. In multivariable analysis, teachers aged 41 years and above (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.12–4.76), female teachers (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.01–3.89), and married teachers (AOR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.24–5.74) were more likely to experience low back pain. Prolonged standing for six hours or more per day (AOR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.02–10.09), teaching six or more classes per day (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.02–4.41), use of chairs without lumbar support (AOR = 3.84; 95% CI: 1.76–8.37), high workplace stress (AOR = 4.98; 95% CI: 1.94–12.76), job dissatisfaction (AOR = 2.96; 95% CI: 1.01–8.65), and poor social support (AOR = 3.87; 95% CI: 1.08–13.88) remained independent predictors of low back pain. Low back pain is highly prevalent among primary school teachers in Rwamagana District and is strongly influenced by demographic, occupational, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors. Targeted ergonomic interventions, workload reduction, stress management programs, and occupational health education are recommended to reduce the burden of low back pain among primary school teachers.

Keywords: Low Back Pain (LBP), Prevalence, Associated Factors, Primary School Teachers, Occupational Health.

Title: PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BACK PAIN AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN RWAMAGANA DISTRICT

Author: Mukarutayisire Laurence, Dr. Michael Habtu

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 500-516

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: This study conducts an empirical survey and analysis of the current status of applying Ma Coong cultural values to socio-emotional development education for preschool children in the mountainous regions of Quang Tri Province. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design with a convenience sample of N = 64 participants (including school administrators, teachers, and parents), data were collected through a 4-point Likert scale combined with in-depth interviews, and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests. The empirical findings identified and conceptualized the "Phenomenon of Parallel Knowledge Polarization": while pedagogical staff possess methodological teaching competence, they lack deep empathy regarding indigenous heritage; conversely, parents possess superior cultural capital (3.25 ≤ M ≤3.52) but are constrained by limited developmental pedagogical skills. Furthermore, the study highlights three systemic bottlenecks in practice: an over-reliance on teachers' Uni-dimensional assessment perspectives, a severe bottleneck in the integration of digital learning materials (M = 1.82), and a scarcity of context-specific visual illustrative materials. On this basis, a multi-tiered framework of solutions is proposed to construct intersubjective interaction spaces and operationalize a resonant knowledge-sharing mechanism among educational institutions.

Keywords: Socio-emotional skills; Ma Coong culture; Early childhood education; Quang Tri.

Title: THE CURRENT STATUS OF APPLYING THE CULTURAL VALUES OF THE MA COONG PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SKILLS FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AT TAN THUONG KINDERGARTEN, QUANG TRI PROVINCE

Author: Phan Thi Thu Trinh, Doan Thi Huong Giang, Tran Nguyen Gia Linh, Y Thom, Ha Thi Huyen Trang, Pham Thi Yen

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 491-499

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2026

Abstract: The general objective of this study aimed to analyse the effects of Accounting Information System (AIS) and financial performance of NGOS in Kigali Rwanda. The study used descriptive design approach which involves description of the population with an aim of establishing the correlation between variables. The study targeted 152 employees of the organization who participated in data collection exercise. Staff in the accounting and finance department was chosen purposively since they are the ones knowledgeable of the Accounting information system. The staffs were divided into three strata namely chief finance officer, accountants and account clerks hence stratified sampling. The researcher then employed simple random sampling when selecting respondents within the stratum to form part of the sample size. The findings showed that AIS components had a strong relationship with financial performance, with R = 0.974 and R Square = 0.948. The ANOVA results showed that the model was statistically significant with F = 622.611 and p = 0.000. The study recommended that Instituto per la Cooperazione Universitaria should ensure that all data entry tasks are handled by qualified and trained personnel, while system security, backup, recovery, and regular system updates should be strengthened to protect financial data and support better financial performance.

Keywords: Accounting Information System, financial performance, data entry, data processing, system security, non-governmental organizations.

Title: Accounting Information System and Financial Performance of Non-Governmental Organizations in Rwanda: A Case of Instituto per la Cooperazione Universitaria Rwanda

Author: Fedelis Onteri Nyamari, Dr. Gitahi Njenga

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 482-490

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 22-June-2026

Abstract: Studies conducted both domestically and internationally indicate that career education, employment trends and digital transformation in higher education have attracted considerable scholarly attention from various perspectives. Existing research has contributed to clarifying the theoretical foundations of career development, professional identity, career adaptability, career management competencies and the role of career education in higher education training processes (Brown & Lent, 2019; Savickas et al., 2009; Bridgstock, 2009). At the same time, numerous studies have emphasized that under the influence of digital transformation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, higher education needs to shift from a knowledge-transmission model to a comprehensive competency-development model for learners, particularly focusing on digital competence, career adaptability skills and lifelong learning capacity (UNESCO, 2021; Redecker & Punie, 2017).

Keywords: research; career-oriented education; social work.

Title: Research Trends in Career-Oriented Education for Social Work Students in the Context of Digital Transformation

Author: Nguyen Thanh Binh, Vu Thi Thuy Duong, Tran Van Ly, Nguyen Bao Chau, Le Thi Nhat Minh

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 474-481

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 22-June-2026

Abstract: Experiential and Career-Oriented Activities is an official educational component within the newly implemented General Education Program in Vietnam. Assessing teachers' competency in organizing these activities has garnered significant interest among Vietnamese secondary schools, given that this represents a novel and vital instructional capacity required to implement this specific educational content. Furthermore, to enhance teachers' organizational capacity and elevate general educational quality, there is an urgent need for scientific and accurate evaluation of this competency across all institutions. This paper focuses on investigating the current status of using assessment methods and tools to evaluate teacher competency in organizing experiential and career-oriented activities in Vietnamese secondary schools. The findings aim to assist educational institutions in conducting formal, standardized, and synchronized assessments, thereby establishing an empirical baseline for targeted professional development and pedagogical quality improvement.

Keywords: Competency, experiential activities, career orientation, competency assessment.

Title: THE CURRENT STATUS OF UTILIZING METHODS AND TOOLS TO ASSESS TEACHERS' COMPETENCY IN ORGANIZING EXPERIENTIAL AND CAREER-ORIENTED ACTIVITIES IN VIETNAMESE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Author: Trinh Thuy Giang, Truong Thi Hoa, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hong, Mai Quoc Khanh, Le Thi Hoang Lan, Nguyen Nam Phuong, Nguyen Duc Giang

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 468-473

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 20-June-2026

Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into learning, decision-making, and knowledge work, concerns have emerged regarding automation bias, cognitive offloading, diminished critical evaluation, and the preservation of human agency. The purpose of this study was to operationalize the construct of Conscious Intelligence and develop a psychometrically sound instrument for its measurement within AI-mediated environments. Grounded in the Conscious Intelligence Integration Framework (CIIF), the study developed and evaluated the Conscious Intelligence Scale (CIS-25), comprising five dimensions: Reflective Awareness, Discernment, Metacognitive Regulation, Ethical Reasoning, and Epistemic Responsibility. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 250 adults who reported using AI technologies at least weekly. Psychometric evaluation included content validity, internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), convergent validity, discriminant validity, and higher-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .819–.842) and temporal stability (ICC = .824–.867). EFA supported a five-factor structure explaining 68.42% of the total variance. Evidence of construct validity was demonstrated through acceptable Composite Reliability (CR = .85–.90), Average Variance Extracted (AVE = .54–.64), and Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT = .54–.78) values. Higher-order CFA demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI = .958, TLI = .952, RMSEA = .047, SRMR = .041), supporting Conscious Intelligence as a multidimensional higher-order construct reflected by five first-order dimensions. The findings provide initial evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the CIS-25 as a measure of Conscious Intelligence in AI-mediated environments. By operationalizing Conscious Intelligence as a measurable construct, the study contributes a psychometrically supported instrument for future research examining human agency, reflective judgment, ethical reasoning, epistemic responsibility, and responsible engagement with artificial intelligence.

Keywords: Conscious Intelligence, artificial intelligence, psychometric validation, scale development, AI-mediated cognition, human agency, responsible AI engagement.

Title: Operationalizing Conscious Intelligence in AI-Mediated Environments: Development and Initial Validation of the Conscious Intelligence Scale (CIS-25)

Author: Dr. David Bull

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 443-467

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 19-June-2026

Abstract: The rapid development of information technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century has significantly reshaped the translation industry. While AI brings innovative tools and expands the scope of language services, it also poses complex challenges that require new competencies and adaptive learning strategies. The essay begins by examining how recent technological advancements have brought significant opportunities to translation while also challenging foreign language education, thereby reshaping public perception of translation education. In light of the profound impacts of AI translation tools, the increasing competition in the job market, and the limitations and challenges that artificial intelligence cannot address, translation educators need to accurately assess these issues. Consequently, university translation departments should adjust their educational strategies to keep pace with the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Interpreter training programs need to integrate translation technology into the curriculum and shift the goal of training interpreters toward nurturing interdisciplinary talents, capable in both translation and language technology. Selective integration of translation technology should be supported. Universities can develop training programs tailored to students' diverse backgrounds, aiming to produce machine translation graduates who excel primarily in translation and, secondarily, in technology, or who excel primarily in technology and, secondarily, in translation. Moreover, technology-related courses can be selectively added to the curriculum based on learning objectives and the faculty's expertise.

Keywords: AI translation, translation education, artificial intelligence, translation industry, teaching translation.

Title: TRANSLATION IN THE AGE OF AI: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE NEED FOR INNOVATION IN TRANSLATION EDUCATION

Author: Thi Van Thuy Tran

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 436-442

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 17-June-2026

Abstract: This study investigates the experiences of early childhood education teachers using edutainment in Early Childhood Education (ECE) classrooms.
A mixed-methods study was conducted with 35 purposively sampled Early Childhood Education teachers. Seven of these responded to in-depth interview questions, while 28 of them responded to a survey questionnaire. Findings indicated that edutainment motivates learners, as well as linking learning to practical life experiences, and helps learners develop problem-solving skills and social skills. Integrating edutainment strategies such as role play, drama, and games improves students' participation and engagement in learning. However, Edutainment is associated with challenges such as financially expensive and time-consuming. In addition, edutainment requires adequate planning, including the preparation of appropriate props and resources. Three major themes that emerged are, the Promise, the peril and the best practice to optimize learning.  The study recommends that teachers should be proactive and adopt 21st century strategies to engage learners using Edutainment

Keywords:  Edutainment, merit, demerit, Early childhood Education.

Title: Edutainment: Peril or Promise

Author: Constance Chifamba

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 428-435

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 15-June-2026

Abstract: Dating violence among university students is a social issue that requires systematic recognition, particularly as young people’s intimate relationships are increasingly shaped by social media, gender norms, emotional pressure, and limited skills in setting personal boundaries. This article employs a systematic narrative review to analyze major research directions on dating violence among university students, with attention to definitions, forms of manifestation, prevalence, risk factors, consequences, help-seeking behaviors, and barriers to service access. The review indicates that dating violence is not limited to physical aggression but also includes psychological violence, sexual violence, controlling and isolating behaviors, and technology-facilitated abuse. International and Vietnamese studies suggest that many abusive behaviors in dating relationships are easily normalized, especially jealousy, phone monitoring, emotional coercion, stalking, and victim-blaming. Based on the review, the article proposes several social work solutions for higher education institutions, including prevention-oriented communication and education; screening and early identification; individual social work; group social work and peer support; and the development of coordinated referral and student protection procedures. The article argues that dating violence should be understood as an issue of student welfare, campus safety, and mental health in higher education.

Keywords: dating violence; university students; social work; higher education institutions; student support.

Title: DATING VIOLENCE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND PROPOSED SOCIAL WORK SOLUTIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Author: Nguyen Thi Van Ha

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 419-427

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 13-June-2026

Abstract: This study explores ways to motivate learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) through the lens of Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory. Research grounded in Howard Gardner's intelligence model shows that teaching methods aligned with students' intelligences can boost motivation in the classroom and improve learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of students’ multiple intelligences profile on their motivation and language proficiency. In this study, a group of 80 secondary school EFL students will be evaluated to identify their intelligence profiles using MI-based interventions that targeted various intelligences including Linguistic, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial , Naturalist , Interpersonal and Intrapersonal intelligences. The research illustrates the capability of MI Theory to cultivate a more comprehensive and motivating atmosphere for EFL learning by catering to the distinct learning styles of students. This approach not only aids in language acquisition but also creates a positive and engaging classroom environment that contributes to long-term success in language learning.

Keywords: Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory, students' intelligences, EFL students, EFL learning, Multiple Intelligences Theory.

Title: Enhancing Motivation in EFL Learners through the Application of Multiple Intelligences Theory

Author: Lulwa Ali Alroomi

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 406-418

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 12-June-2026

Abstract: Adequate housing is fundamental to sustainable urban development, supporting access to infrastructure, essential services, economic participation, safety, and improved living conditions. In Kenya, the Affordable Housing Programme seeks to expand access to quality and affordable housing, particularly for low- and middle-income earners, with the National Housing Corporation (NHC) playing a central role in achieving national development goals under Vision 2030. Despite these efforts, the housing construction sector continues to face challenges including cost and time overruns, material wastage, quality concerns, and project failures. This study examined the influence of project management practices on the performance of National Housing Corporation projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study assessed the effects of communication management, risk management, stakeholder management, and scope management on project performance. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected from a proportionately stratified and randomly selected sample using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that all four project management practices significantly and positively influenced project performance. Risk management emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.510, p < 0.001), followed by stakeholder management (β = 0.277, p < 0.001), communication management (β = 0.172, p < 0.001), and scope management (β = 0.101, p = 0.003). The study concludes that effective project management practices are critical to improving the performance of housing projects. Strengthening communication systems, institutionalizing comprehensive risk management processes, enhancing stakeholder engagement, and ensuring effective scope control can significantly improve project outcomes. The study recommends that the NHC adopt robust project management frameworks to enhance project efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability.

Keywords: Affordable housing, project management practices, communication management, risk management, stakeholder management, scope management, project performance, National Housing Corporation, Kenya.

Title: Project Management Practices and Performance of National of National Housing Corporation Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Author: Stephen Osoro Sagwe, Morrison Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 397-405

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 10-June-2026

Abstract: The condition of food insecurity and malnutrition for school-aged children and adolescents remains one of the most influential determinants of learning outcomes. The major purpose of this study was to assess the impact of school feeding programmes on students’ academic performance in Rwanda, with special emphasis on Groupe Scolaire (G.S) Kiyanzi Technical Secondary school. Specifically, the study identified the school feeding programme implemented in Kirehe District, explore the food security level at G.S Kiyanzi TSS and analyse the relationship between school feeding programs and students’ academic performance. The study was directed by a mixed research design combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches using a sample of 360 respondents. Both primary data and secondary data were gathered using the interviews, questionnaires, and documentary reviews.The numeric data were descriptively evaluated using SPSS vector, while the qualitative data were investigated using theme analysis. The survey revealed that delivering a typical meal of fortified maize, beans, locally available veggies were the most common School Feeding Progarmes (SFP) used at G.S Kiyanzi, TSS. However, the study found out that the students at G.S Kiyanzi TSS consume low-quality meals with low dietary diversity. Furthermore, the study revealed a positive association between SFP and children' academic achievement in G.S Kiyanzi, TSS as indicated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.809 (or 80.9%). Finally, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education and District Board of Education should provide training seminars for school management boards, teachers, parents, and other stakeholders to maximize the benefits of the school food program.

Keywords: School Feeding Programme, Education, Enrollment, Attendance and Academic Performance and Kiyanzi.

Title: Impact of School Feeding Programme on Students’academic Performance in Primary Schools in Rwanda, G.S Kiyanzi Tss (2021 - 2025)

Author: BYUKUSENGE Amiel, Dr. UWIMPUHWE Denys

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 385-396

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 08-June-2026

Abstract: Social and emotional learning is an important orientation in contemporary general education, contributing to the development of students’ self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills and responsible decision-making. This article reviews studies on social and emotional learning for school students, focusing on concepts, theoretical foundations, the effectiveness of social and emotional learning programs and conditions for application in schools. The review shows that social and emotional learning has positive effects on personal skills, social behavior, mental health, academic outcomes and school climate. However, its application in schools should avoid fragmented, campaign-based or purely communication-oriented implementation. The article proposes several directions for application, including developing an appropriate competency framework, integrating social and emotional learning into curricula and educational activities, enhancing teachers’ capacity, organizing group activities, connecting social and emotional learning with school psychological counseling and developing mechanisms to assess students’ progress.

Keywords: social and emotional learning; school students; social and emotional competence; school mental health; school.

Title: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS AND SEVERAL DIRECTIONS FOR APPLICATION IN SCHOOLS

Author: Phung Thi Ha Thuy, Nguyen Thanh Nga

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 378-384

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-June-2026

Abstract: This study takes China's Y Distillery as a case, integrates the SICAS model and 4I theory, and uses in-depth interviews to explore its live streaming e-commerce marketing strategies. The research finds that the enterprise faces issues such as passive brand exposure, homogeneous content, single interaction forms, purchase reliance on price promotions, and low sharing willingness. Based on the identified problems, an optimization strategy is proposed: at the perception level, build a short video matrix to enhance proactive reach; at the interest level, use storytelling content to establish emotional resonance; at the connection level, deepen two-way interaction through brewer Q&A sessions; at the action level, develop cultural co-branded gift boxes to drive value-based purchasing; at the sharing level, design a rebate mechanism to activate word-of-mouth viral spread. This study provides theoretical references and practical pathways for optimizing live streaming marketing strategies of traditional old enterprises.

Keywords: SICAS model; 4I theory; live streaming e-commerce; marketing strategy optimization.

Title: The Marketing Strategies of Live Streaming E-commerce Based on the SICAS Model: A Case Study of Y Distillery

Author: Dr. Lifen Tsai, Qiong Feng

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 14, Issue 2, April 2026 - June 2026

Page No: 371-377

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 05-June-2026